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Melatonin affects many body functions beyond sleep by interacting with specific receptors in various tissues.

The enzyme steroid sulfatase is linked to breast cancer and other conditions, and inhibitors are being developed for treatment.

Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

Chemicals and body size might change when puberty starts and progresses, but more research is needed to confirm this.

Stem cell offspring help control their parent stem cells, affecting tissue health, healing, and cancer.

Teriflunomide helps reduce multiple sclerosis symptoms and is safe for most patients.

The guidelines advise against using testosterone and DHEA in women for most conditions due to safety and effectiveness concerns, but suggest considering testosterone for postmenopausal women with low sexual desire.

Blocking the enzyme 5α-reductase can shrink the prostate and help treat enlarged prostate issues.

Eph receptors and ephrins may be promising targets for treating diseases, but more understanding is needed for effective and safe therapies.

The document concludes that the 5 alpha-reductase enzymes are important in steroid metabolism and related to various human diseases, with inhibitors used to treat conditions like male pattern baldness and prostate issues.

Dutasteride more effective for hair growth, but has more side effects than finasteride.

Minoxidil and finasteride treat hair loss in men, while minoxidil treats hair loss in women.

Androgens can both increase and decrease hair growth in different parts of the body.

Finasteride treats enlarged prostate and may help with baldness, but effects on sexual function and male fetuses are unclear.

Oestrogens are key for bone growth during puberty in both boys and girls.

Hormone treatments for transgender individuals generally improve mental health and physical transition, with some health risks that require medical supervision.

Stem cell niches support, regulate, and coordinate stem cell functions.

Testosterone therapy in transgender men has both desired effects like increased muscle mass and potential health risks such as higher cardiovascular risk.

Early diagnosis and individualized treatment improve outcomes for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Trilostane effectively improved symptoms in dogs with a certain adrenal gland disorder.

The document concludes that adenosine receptor agonists have potential for treating various conditions, but only a few are approved due to challenges like side effects and the need for selective activation.

Allergic reactions to blood thinners are rare but can be serious, requiring careful testing and alternative treatments.

Low doses of some substances can be beneficial, while high doses can be harmful or toxic.

Finasteride effectively treats baldness but may cause sexual side effects.

Finasteride exposure in pregnancy causes genital abnormalities in male rats.

Hibiscus plant extracts may have health benefits like lowering blood pressure and protecting the heart.

Exposure to finasteride in the womb caused lasting reproductive issues in male rats.

The update highlights that non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is common in women with excess male hormones, requires specific hormone tests for diagnosis, and has various treatment options depending on age and symptoms.

Men, especially older ones with health issues like prostate cancer, may have worse COVID-19 outcomes and could benefit from therapies targeting male hormones.

Lignans and neolignans from plants may help protect against various health issues, including cancer and heart disease.