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Glossary Protein Structure

three-dimensional shape of a protein determining its function

Protein structure refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a protein molecule. This structure is crucial because it determines the protein's function in biological processes. Proteins fold into specific shapes, which can be described at four levels: primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (local folding into alpha-helices and beta-sheets), tertiary (overall 3D shape), and quaternary (assembly of multiple protein subunits). Proper folding is essential for the protein's activity, and misfolding can lead to diseases.

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research Raman Microspectroscopy of Hair Cuticle With Polarized Excitation: Problem of Protein Secondary and Tertiary Structure

January 2025 in “Journal of Raman Spectroscopy”

This study observed that the Raman spectra of human hair cuticle vary with polarization and direction of signal collection, identifying certain spectral bands as markers sensitive to the structural changes in keratin secondary and tertiary structures.

research Insights into structural and proteomic alterations related to pH‐induced changes and protein deamidation in hair

November 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

In this study, varying pH levels from 3 to 12 were found to impact hair structure and proteins, with optimal hair health observed between pH 5 and pH 7, while extreme acidic or alkaline conditions notably affected hair morphology and proteome.

research Molecular modeling and structural characterization of a high glycine–tyrosine hair keratin associated protein

16 citations , January 2017 in “Physical chemistry chemical physics/PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics”

This study presents computational modeling and experimental analysis of the HGT protein KAP8.1, identifying key structural features that may influence hair's response to environmental conditions.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino-Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations , January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified a novel keratin-associated protein, KAP24.1, which is specifically expressed in the human scalp and located in the hair cuticle.

research Study on the skin structure, hair follicle cycle, and GSDMA protein expression in Ganxi goats

1 citations , September 2025 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science”

This study observed structural and molecular changes in Ganxi goat skin that adapt to hot and humid climates and suggested that GSDMA might play a role in hair follicle regulation and skin homeostasis, though further research is needed to confirm its function in environmental adaptation.

research Locations of synthesis of hair structural proteins in human anagen follicles

7 citations , April 1996 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that intermediate filaments and matrix proteins in presumptive hair shaft cells are synthesized sequentially, identifying a new polypeptide component that changes during hair cell differentiation.

research Structural change of keratin protein in human hair by permanent waving treatment

70 citations , June 1998 in “Polymer”

This study found that permanent waving treatment partially disrupts the α-helical structure in human hair microfibrils, primarily during the initial reduction phase, rather than just affecting disulphide bonds.

research Structural behavior of keratin-associated protein 8.1 in human hair as revealed by a monoclonal antibody

3 citations , August 2018 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

KAP8.1 protein is crucial for hair structure and interacts with keratin 85.

research The structure of human trichohyalin. Potential multiple roles as a functional EF-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

161 citations , June 1993 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study suggests that human trichohyalin may function as a flexible rod linking keratin intermediate filaments and as a scaffold protein in hair follicle and epidermis cell envelopes.

research Structure and expression of genes for a class of cysteine-rich proteins of the cuticle layers of differentiating wool and hair follicles.

67 citations , December 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study identified two evolutionarily conserved ultra-high-sulfur keratin proteins in human and sheep hair follicles, which are specifically expressed in the hair cuticle during the late stages of fiber development.

research Advances in structure-based drug design targeting membrane protein markers in prostate cancer

5 citations , August 2024 in “Drug Discovery Today”

This review examines advances in computer-aided drug design for targeting membrane proteins in prostate cancer but reports no new clinical results; it emphasizes the potential of structural insights and compound screening for therapeutic development.

research The structure of human trichohyalin : potential multiple roles as a functional ef-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

2 citations , January 1993

This study found that human trichohyalin has a unique protein sequence potentially contributing to at least three important functions in hair follicle and epidermal cells.

research An investigation of the association between structural proteins and lipids with scalp hair curvature

January 2025 in “Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)”

This study found that lipids are highly correlated with hair curvature while proteins are not, reporting the largest number of hair lipids and identifying novel proteins and chaperones relating to different hair types for the first time.

research Human Trichohyalin Gene Is Clustered with the Genes for Other Epidermal Structural Proteins and Calcium-Binding Proteins at Chromosomal Locus 1q21

January 1993

This study demonstrates that the trichohyalin gene is located at chromosomal region 1q21, where several other genes related to epidermal differentiation also map.

research Human hair keratin-associated proteins: Sequence regularities and structural implications

52 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

This study identified two key pentapeptide quasi-repeats in human keratin-associated proteins, which are similar to motifs found in sheep wool.

research Structure and hair follicle-specific expression of genes encoding the rat high sulfur protein B2 family

12 citations , February 1998 in “Gene”

This study identified two high sulfur protein genes, B2E and B2F, in rats, which are expressed in hair cortical cells during anagen and contribute to hair fiber production.

research CosmeticPotential of a Structural Protein CopolymerBased on Silk, Elastin, and Keratin

September 2025 in “OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)”

This study developed a biobased copolymer called SELP::KP, showing improved hair strength, elasticity, and conditioning properties while being a safer alternative to conventional chemical treatments, based on application to human hair in a laboratory setting.

research Structural Characterization and Ligand Specific Protein Interactions of Androgen Receptor

March 2008 in “The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)”

This study found that AR-007 degrades faster and has a stronger association with hsp70 than AR-014, suggesting it is less stable when bound to the androgen receptor.

research Trichohyalin: A structural protein of hair, tongue, nail, and epidermis

27 citations , July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

research The role of keratin proteins and their genes in the growth, structure and properties of hair

228 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

This article integrates existing literature on hair follicle structure and formation at the cellular and molecular level, reporting no new findings.

research Protein chains in hair and epidermal keratin IF: Structural features and spatial arrangements

5 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments

38 citations , October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

This study used proteomic techniques to analyze human hair proteins, revealing keratin heterogeneity and identifying posttranslational modifications, such as cysteine trioxidation and methylation.

research Molecular Evolution and Protein Structure Variation of Dkk Family

3 citations , September 2023 in “Genes”

This study analyzed the molecular evolution and functional divergence of the Dkk gene family, finding accelerated evolution in Aves and Reptilia and identifying functional differences that may impact hair follicle development via Wnt signaling inhibition.

Carbonylation of Hair Proteins: A Robust Biomarker of Molecular and Structural Oxidative Damage in Hair Fibers

research Carbonylation of hair proteins: A robust biomarker of molecular and structural oxidative damage in hair fibres

February 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

This research studied European human hair, finding that cysteic acid and protein carbonylation increased with both chemical and photochemical oxidation. Protein carbonylation was highlighted as a more sensitive marker for photochemical oxidation, providing better in situ visualization of hair damage than cysteic acid.