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    Glossary Phase II metabolism

    body adds molecules to drugs/toxins for easier excretion

    Phase II metabolism, also known as conjugation reactions, is a process where the body adds a molecule to a drug or toxin to make it more water-soluble and easier to excrete. This phase typically follows Phase I metabolism, which involves the modification of the substance. By making these compounds more water-soluble, the body can more efficiently eliminate them through urine or bile, reducing their potential toxicity.

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    1. The effect of St. John’s wort treatment on finasteride pharmacokinetics and identification of new phase I and phase II metabolites in humans 2008
    2. Chapter 14 Principles of drug metabolism Principles of Medical Biology · 1997 · 2 citations
    3. High-resolution mass spectrometric investigation of the phase I and II metabolites of finasteride in pig plasma, urine and bile Xenobiotica · 2013 · 2 citations
    4. Identification of Metabolites for the Novel 5α‐Reductase Inhibitor Epristeride In Vitro and Its Potential Impact on Doping Testing Drug Testing and Analysis · 2025
    5. The effect of topical minoxidil treatment on follicular sulfotransferase enzymatic activity. PubMed · 2019 · 4 citations
    6. 138 Characterization of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of a reconstructed human epidermal model from adult hair follicles 2017
    7. Repurposing of drugs as novel influenza inhibitors from clinical gene expression infection signatures bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2018
    8. Analysis of metabolic characteristics of epristeride in zebrafish based on LC-Q-TOF MS and its potential applications in doping control RSC Advances · 2026
    9. Identification of Finasteride Metabolites in Human Bile and Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Drug Metabolism and Disposition · 2009 · 18 citations
    10. Comparison of Activities Dependent on Glutathione S-Transferase and Cytochrome P-450 IA1 in Cultured Keratinocytes and Reconstructed Epidermal Models Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · 2002 · 42 citations
    11. Effect of a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Xenobiotic - Croton membranaceus Müll.Arg. Root Extract on CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and GSTM1 Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Model 2020 · 1 citations
    12. WNT Signaling in Disease Cells · 2019 · 144 citations
    13. Anthracycline analogs The past, present, and future Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · 1986 · 168 citations
    14. Repurposing of Drugs as Novel Influenza Inhibitors From Clinical Gene Expression Infection Signatures Frontiers in Immunology · 2019 · 42 citations
    15. First-line therapy with gemcitabine and paclitaxel in locally, recurrent or metastatic breast cancer: A phase II study BMC Cancer · 2005 · 22 citations
    16. A novel and safe small molecule enhances hair follicle regeneration by facilitating metabolic reprogramming Experimental and Molecular Medicine · 2018 · 19 citations
    17. The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx‐024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase II trial Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2011 · 306 citations
    18. The hair growth promoting effect of Sophora flavescens extract and its molecular regulation Journal of Dermatological Science · 2002 · 75 citations
    19. Identification of Telogen Markers Underscores that Telogen Is Far from a Quiescent Hair Cycle Phase 2011 · 21 citations
    20. Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin® with Marilex® in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium Dermatology Research and Practice · 2020 · 10 citations
    21. Improving stable isotopic interpretations made from human hair through reduction of growth cycle error American Journal of Biological Anthropology · 2011 · 72 citations
    22. THBS4 promotes hair regeneration by inducing dermal mechanical niche adaptation Research Square · 2026
    23. Effect of Free Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Anagen Induction: Metabolic or Inflammatory Aspect? International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2025
    24. Diffuser Haarausfall und klinische Endokrinologie: Neue Erkenntnisse Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH) · 2013
    25. Rebamipide Induces Hair Regeneration Through EP4-Driven Lipid Metabolism Remodeling International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2025
    26. [Drug induced alopecia]. PubMed · 1999 · 4 citations
    27. Protective Activity against Oxidative Stress in Dermal Papillae with Extracted Herbal Essential Oils Applied sciences · 2023 · 1 citations
    28. Estrogens and Human Scalp Hair Growth—Still More Questions than Answers Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2004 · 44 citations
    29. New Plant Extracts Exert Complementary Anti‐Hair Loss Properties in Human In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2024
    30. The Dermal Papilla and Hair Follicle Regeneration: Engineering Strategies to Improve Dermal Papilla Inductivity Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine · 2022