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Glossary Paracrine Function

cells communicate by releasing signals to nearby cells

Paracrine function refers to a type of cell signaling where a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, affecting their behavior or function. Unlike hormones that travel through the bloodstream to distant targets, paracrine signals act locally, ensuring that the response is limited to the immediate cellular environment. This is crucial in processes like wound healing and immune responses.

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research Mechanism of action to accelerate second deep degree scald wound healing by endogenous EGF

2 citations , January 2001 in “Medical Journal of National Defending Forces in Northwest China”

This study found that endogenous EGF may facilitate the healing of second-degree scald wounds in mice through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms.

research Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles

100 citations , September 2017 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of androgens and androgen receptors in skin disorders, particularly androgenetic alopecia, and reports no new clinical results; it highlights potential areas for future treatment development.

research Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: Distribution and functions

506 citations , January 2012 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

This review details the expression and diverse functions of melatonin receptors in non-neural tissues and reports no new clinical findings, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets across various physiological and pathological processes.

research Biomaterials Functionalized with MSC Secreted Extracellular Vesicles and Soluble Factors for Tissue Regeneration

220 citations , March 2020 in “Advanced functional materials”

This review discusses the mechanisms and potential therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles delivered via biomaterials, but reports no new clinical results.

research Multipotent adult progenitor cells grown under xenobiotic-free conditions support vascularization during wound healing

4 citations , September 2020 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

In this study, xenobiotic-free human multipotent adult progenitor cells were found to improve wound vascularization and healing in mice, suggesting potential applicability for clinical use in humans.

research Application of mesenchymal stem cells for anti-senescence and clinical challenges

1 citations , September 2023 in “Stem cell research & therapy”

This review discusses how mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy holds promise for treating age-related diseases, given its potential to target aging's pathological features, although significant challenges remain for its clinical application.

research ACOS23O-002: The Use of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Cytokines and Growth Factors in The Management of Androgenetic Alopecia

December 2023 in “Journal of Asia Pacific Aesthetic Sciences”

This review discusses the potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived cytokines and growth factors as a promising alternative to conventional treatments for androgenetic alopecia, given their favourable outcomes in hair regrowth and follicle repair.

research Comparative Study of Some Potential Paracrine Factors Produced by Normal and Androgenetic Alopecia Hair Follicles

February 2015 in “American journal of medical and biological research”

This study found that molecular differences in paracrine factors between balding and non-balding hair follicles may enhance understanding of androgen action in hair disorders and potentially inform better treatments.

Serenoa Repens and N-Acetyl Glucosamine/Milk Proteins Complex Differentially Affect the Paracrine Communication Between Endothelial and Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

research Serenoa repens and N‐acetyl glucosamine/milk proteins complex differentially affect the paracrine communication between endothelial and follicle dermal papilla cells

3 citations , November 2018 in “Journal of cellular physiology”

In laboratory settings, this study suggests that Serenoa repens and N-acetyl glucosamine with milk proteins may promote hair follicle vascularization through specific cellular interactions and actions.

research The involvement of androgens in human hair growth

3 citations , April 2015 in “American journal of biomedical sciences”

This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of androgen action in human hair follicles and reports no new findings; the authors emphasize the need for further research to improve treatments for hair disorders.

research Paracrine TGF-β Signaling Counterbalances BMP-Mediated Repression in Hair Follicle Stem Cell Activation

321 citations , January 2012 in “Cell stem cell”

This study identified TGF-β2 as a crucial signal in hair follicle stem cell regeneration, highlighting its role in counteracting BMP signaling to promote tissue regeneration.

research The β‐thymosins: Intracellular and extracellular activities of a versatile actin binding protein family

110 citations , April 2009 in “Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton”

This review discusses the intracellular activity of β-thymosins and their role in modulating the actin cytoskeleton, but it reports no new experimental results.

The Topography of Fibrous Scaffolds Modulates the Paracrine Function of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Regeneration of Skin Tissues

research The topography of fibrous scaffolds modulates the paracrine function of Ad-MSCs in the regeneration of skin tissues

24 citations , January 2019 in “Biomaterials Science”

This study demonstrated that a bio-3D printed artificial skin scaffold, seeded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, showed promising wound healing properties by enhancing cell recruitment, migration, and gene expression related to tissue regeneration.

research Narrow-band red LED light promotes mouse hair growth through paracrine growth factors from dermal papilla

23 citations , September 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study explored the effects of a new narrow-band red LED light on hair growth in mice, showing potential benefits compared to existing laser therapies.

Human Scalp Hair Follicles Are Both a Target and a Source of Prolactin, Which Serves as an Autocrine and/or Paracrine Promoter of Apoptosis-Driven Hair Follicle Regression

research Human Scalp Hair Follicles Are Both a Target and a Source of Prolactin, which Serves as an Autocrine and/or Paracrine Promoter of Apoptosis-Driven Hair Follicle Regression

128 citations , March 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

The study found that prolactin expressed in human scalp hair follicles acts as an autocrine modulator, inhibiting hair growth and promoting hair follicle regression, which may contribute to hair loss in hyper-prolactinemia patients.

research Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Anti-Aging and Skin Regeneration

February 2026 in “MedScien”

This study found that mesenchymal stem cells mainly promote skin regeneration and delay aging through paracrine activity, releasing growth factors and cytokines that protect against oxidative stress and stimulate healing.

research Exploring the Role of Dermal Sheath Cells in Wound Healing and Fibrosis

1 citations , June 2024 in “Preprints.org”

This review explores the roles of dermal sheath cells in wound healing, highlighting their multifunctional contributions to inflammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, and proposes new insights into tissue regeneration and repair, especially in differentiating between hairy and non-hairy skin sites.

research The Hair Follicle: A Paradoxical Androgen Target Organ

66 citations , January 2000 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics”

This study suggests that the paradoxical effects of androgens on hair growth are due to differential gene expression in hair follicles, possibly established during embryogenesis.

research Defects in Androgen Biosynthesis Causing 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development

46 citations , October 2012 in “Seminars in reproductive medicine”

This review describes how recent discoveries in genetic defects and alternative pathways in androgen biosynthesis are reshaping our understanding of male sexual differentiation, but it presents no new clinical findings.

research The Localization of Cytokeratin 19 and Vimentin in Sprague Dawley Albino Rat Skin Tissue

1 citations , March 2014 in “Applied Microscopy”

This study confirmed the localization of CK19 and vimentin in skin cells, with CK19 linked to hair growth and vimentin stabilizing fibroblast structure.

research The roles of hepatocyte growth factor family members in androgen-regulation of human hair growth. A comparison of the expression of hepatocyte growth factor family members, HGF and MSP, and their receptors, c-Met and RON, in isolated hair follicles from normal and androgenetic alopecia (balding) scalp.

January 2010

This study reported that paracrine factors, such as IGF-I and SCF, were reduced in balding hair follicles compared to non-balding ones, while inhibitory factors like TGFß-1 were increased, providing insights into the androgen action in hair follicles.

research Expression and Cellular Localization of Keratinocyte Growth Factor and Its Receptor in Human Hyperplastic Prostate Tissue¹

4 citations , June 1998 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

This study found that keratinocyte growth factor is a potent mitogen in human hyperplastic prostate cells, suggesting it plays an important role in prostate growth by acting in a paracrine manner.

Androgens Modify Wnt Agonists/Antagonists Expression Balance in Dermal Papilla Cells Preventing Hair Follicle Stem Cell Differentiation in Androgenetic Alopecia

research Androgens modify Wnt agonists/antagonists expression balance in dermal papilla cells preventing hair follicle stem cell differentiation in androgenetic alopecia

47 citations , October 2016 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

This study found that DKK1 and WNT10b are paracrine factors that modulate hair follicle stem cell differentiation inhibition, contributing to androgenetic alopecia by affecting Wnt signaling in androgen-sensitive dermal papilla cells after dihydrotestosterone stimulation.

research Editor's evaluation: Crosstalk with keratinocytes causes GNAQ oncogene specificity in melanoma

August 2021

This study found that in mice, the epidermal microenvironment reverses the oncogenic effects of GNAQQ209L in melanocytes, inhibiting their survival and proliferation through paracrine signals.

Up-To-Date Clinical Trials of Hair Regeneration Using Conditioned Media of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss

research Up-to-date Clinical Trials of Hair Regeneration Using Conditioned Media of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss

30 citations , June 2017 in “Current stem cell research & therapy”

This review discusses the potential of adipose-derived stem cells for hair regeneration and suggests that these cells and their conditioned media may offer a promising strategy for treating hair loss.

research Wound-healing effects of frozen-thawed allogeneic fibroblast sheet transplantation and xenogeneic fibroblast cell sheet transplantation cultured on a new substrate

March 2025 in “Tissue and Cell”

In this study, cryopreserved fibroblast cell sheets cultured on a new substrate showed significantly enhanced healing of cutaneous ulcers in diabetic and immunodeficient mice, suggesting potential effectiveness for refractory skin wounds.

research Microskin‐Inspired Injectable MSC‐Laden Hydrogels for Scarless Wound Healing with Hair Follicles

89 citations , April 2020 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

In this study, MSC-laden silk nanofiber hydrogels accelerated wound healing and enabled scarless skin regeneration with hair follicles, outperforming MSC-free hydrogels in repairing full-thickness skin defects.

research Utilizing the hair follicle to dissect the regulation and autocrine/paracrine activities of prolactin in humans

12 citations , May 2012 in “Endocrinology and metabolism/American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism”

This article discusses the potential of using human hair follicles as a model to study prolactin's regulation and activities but reports no new experimental findings; the authors suggest further research in this area.

research Fibrous scaffolds potentiate the paracrine function of mesenchymal stem cells: A new dimension in cell-material interaction

182 citations , June 2017 in “Biomaterials”

This study found that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells produced more anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines on electrospun scaffolds, which enhanced wound healing and macrophage activity in a rat model.

research Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: From androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla

122 citations , November 2010 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study found that increased expression of type II 5α-reductase, androgen receptors, and Hic-5/ARA55 in dermal papilla cells upregulates androgen sensitivity, playing a key role in androgenetic alopecia pathogenesis.