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    Glossary Nails

    hard keratin structures protecting finger and toe tips

    Nails are hard, protective coverings made of keratin that grow at the tips of fingers and toes. They serve to protect the sensitive tips of digits and enhance the ability to pick up small objects. In a biological context, nails are considered a part of the integumentary system, which also includes skin and hair.

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    1. Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues II. Concomitant and mutually exclusive synthesis of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in diverse human and bovine tissues (hair follicle, nail bed and matrix, lingual papilla, thymic reticulum) Differentiation · 1988 · 187 citations
    2. Immunology of the Human Nail Apparatus: The Nail Matrix Is a Site of Relative Immune Privilege Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2005 · 139 citations
    3. Psoriasis treatment in difficult locations: scalp, nails, and intertriginous areas Clinics in Dermatology · 2008 · 104 citations
    4. Discovery of a novel murine keratin 6 (K6) isoform explains the absence of hair and nail defects in mice deficient for K6a and K6b The Journal of Cell Biology · 2001 · 101 citations
    5. Videodermoscopy of the hyponychium in nail bed psoriasis Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · 2008 · 76 citations
    6. Loss-of-Function Mutations in HOXC13 Cause Pure Hair and Nail Ectodermal Dysplasia The American Journal of Human Genetics · 2012 · 74 citations
    7. Keratin film made of human hair as a nail plate model for studying drug permeation European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · 2011 · 68 citations
    8. The Nude Mutant Gene Foxn1 Is a HOXC13 Regulatory Target during Hair Follicle and Nail Differentiation 2010 · 68 citations
    9. Development of Clinician-Reported Outcome (ClinRO) and Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) Measures for Eyebrow, Eyelash and Nail Assessment in Alopecia Areata American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · 2020 · 56 citations
    10. Comparative Anatomy of Mouse and Human Nail Units The Anatomical Record · 2013 · 55 citations
    11. Structure and function of skin, hair and nails Medicine · 2021 · 49 citations
    12. DISORDERS OF THE NAILS AND HAIR ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION International Journal of Dermatology · 1992 · 48 citations
    13. Nail changes in alopecia areata: an update and review International Journal of Dermatology · 2018 · 45 citations
    14. Involvement of scalp and nails in lupus erythematosus Lupus · 2010 · 44 citations
    15. Mutations in the Keratin 85 (KRT85/hHb5) Gene Underlie Pure Hair and Nail Ectodermal Dysplasia 2009 · 42 citations
    16. Localization of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 (PAI-2) in Hair and Nail: Implications for Terminal Differentiation 1998 · 42 citations
    17. Tofacitinib Citrate for the Treatment of Nail Dystrophy Associated With Alopecia Universalis JAMA Dermatology · 2015 · 41 citations
    18. A Novel Mouse Type I Intermediate Filament Gene, Keratin 17n (K17n), Exhibits Preferred Expression in Nail Tissue Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2004 · 31 citations
    19. A Homozygous Frameshift Mutation in the<i>HOXC13</i>Gene Underlies Pure Hair and Nail Ectodermal Dysplasia in a Syrian Family Human Mutation · 2013 · 30 citations
    20. Case of de novo nail psoriasis triggered by the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine JAAD Case Reports · 2021 · 28 citations
    21. Gastrointestinal polyposis with protein-losing enteropathy, abnormal skin pigmentation and loss of hair and nails (Cronkhite-Canada syndrome) ˜The œAmerican journal of medicine · 1969 · 26 citations
    22. Mammalian-specific ectodermal enhancers control the expression of <i>Hoxc</i> genes in developing nails and hair follicles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2020 · 25 citations
    23. Induction of Hard Keratin Expression in Non-Nail-Matrical Keratinocytes by Nail-Matrical Fibroblasts through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · 2003 · 25 citations
    24. Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Hair and Nail Genodermatoses Archives of Dermatology · 2001 · 23 citations
    25. Colocalization of Cystatin M/E and its Target Proteases Suggests a Role in Terminal Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle and Nail 2008 · 22 citations
    26. The Localization of Label-Retaining Cells in Mouse Nails Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2007 · 22 citations
    27. Hair and Nail Relationship Skinmed · 2005 · 21 citations
    28. Nail Involvement in Alopecia Areata: A Questionnaire-based Survey on Clinical Signs, Impact on Quality of Life and Review of the Literature 2018 · 19 citations
    29. Nail involvement in frontal fibrosing alopecia International Journal of Trichology · 2015 · 17 citations
    30. Twenty nail onychomadesis: An unusual finding in Cronkhite–Canada syndrome Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 2010 · 13 citations