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Glossary Interleukins

proteins that help cells communicate in the immune system

Interleukins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system by facilitating communication between cells. They help regulate inflammation, immune responses, and the development of white blood cells. For example, certain interleukins can promote the growth of T-cells, which are essential for fighting infections, while others can trigger inflammation to help the body respond to injury or infection.

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research Interleukin 6: insights to its function in skin by overexpression in transgenic mice.

221 citations , June 1992 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

In this study, IL-6 expression in transgenic mice thickened the stratum corneum without causing increased epidermal proliferation or inflammation, suggesting it may enhance skin protection rather than directly induce inflammation.

research Dermatologic Changes Associated With Interleukin 2 Administration

123 citations , September 1987 in “JAMA”

This study observed that patients receiving IL-2 immunotherapy developed a skin eruption characterized by burning and pruritus, which resolved shortly after stopping the infusion, suggesting that IL-2 mediated these effects.

research Interleukin-1 Induces Transcription of Keratin K6 in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

90 citations , February 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that interleukin-1 directly induces the expression of keratin 6 in keratinocytes, which is a marker of activation and involved in inflammatory skin responses.

research The many faces of interleukin-17 in inflammatory skin diseases

77 citations , April 2016 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This article reviews the role of IL-17 in inflammatory skin disorders and highlights its potential therapeutic targeting in both neutrophilic and lymphocyte-mediated conditions, reporting no new experimental results.

research WNT5A drives interleukin-6-dependent epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the JAK/STAT pathway in keloid pathogenesis

56 citations , January 2022 in “Burns & Trauma”

This study suggests that intercellular communication via the WNT5A and STAT pathways may partly drive EMT-like phenomena in keloid pathogenesis, based on findings in an animal model.

research Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1 Antagonists Alleviate Inflammatory Skin Changes Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Therapy in Mice

53 citations , July 2009 in “Cancer Research”

In this mouse study, the researchers found that the monoclonal antibody ME1 causes hair follicle inflammation by up-regulating TNFα, which can be reduced by TNFα and interleukin-1 inhibitors.

research The association between Interleukin (IL)-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism and alopecia areata (AA) in Turkish population

42 citations , July 2013 in “Gene”

This study found that intron 3 VNTR polymorphism in the IL-4 gene may be associated with an increased risk of alopecia areata in the Turkish population.

research Testosterone stimulates proliferation and inhibits interleukin‐6 production of normal and hereditary gingival fibromatosis fibroblasts

39 citations , May 2002 in “Oral Microbiology and Immunology”

In this study, dihydrotestosterone increased proliferation and decreased IL-6 production in in-vitro fibroblasts from hereditary gingival fibromatosis and normal gingiva, effects partially reversed by anti-androgens.

research Interleukin-1β Is Differentially Expressed by Human Dermal Papilla Cells in Response to PKC Activation and Is a Potent Inhibitor of Human Hair Follicle Growth in Organ Culture

38 citations , March 1997 in “Journal of interferon & cytokine research”

This study suggests that IL-1β produced by dermal papilla cells, regulated by protein kinase C, may inhibit human hair follicle growth through paracrine signaling.

research Activation of liver X receptors inhibits experimental fibrosis by interfering with interleukin-6 release from macrophages

36 citations , March 2014 in “Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases”

This study found that activating liver X receptors with an agonist reduced skin fibrosis in experimental models, particularly in inflammation-driven conditions, by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and interleukin-6 release.

research Interleukin-25-Mediated-IL-17RB Upregulation Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Improving Endothelial Cell Functions

34 citations , January 2022 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study found that IL-25-mediated-IL-17RB signaling improved diabetic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and endothelial cell function, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for poorly healing diabetic wounds.

research Interleukin-1β-Induced Inhibition of Hair Growth In Vitro Is Mediated by Cyclic AMP

33 citations , January 1997 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Interleukin-1β stops hair growth by increasing cyclic AMP levels.

research Interleukin-10-deficient Mice Are Less Susceptible to the Induction of Alopecia Areata

31 citations , October 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-10 may worsen alopecia areata instead of helping it.

research Recurrence of Pemphigus Vulgaris Associated With Interleukin 2 Therapy

25 citations , July 1994 in “Archives of Dermatology”

This study describes a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who experienced a recurrence of pemphigus vulgaris after receiving interleukin 2 immunotherapy, suggesting a possible link between the treatment and autoimmune disease recurrence.

research Association Between Interleukin 18 Polymorphisms and Alopecia Areata in Koreans

22 citations , January 2014 in “Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research”

In this study, researchers found that specific IL18 genetic variants may be linked to increased susceptibility to alopecia areata in a Korean population.

research Alopecia Diffusa while Using Interleukin-17 Inhibitors against Psoriasis Vulgaris

20 citations , March 2019 in “Case Reports in Dermatology”

This report describes two cases where patients developed alopecia while undergoing treatment for psoriasis with IL-17 inhibitors, suggesting an unexpected paradoxical reaction.

research Minoxidil downregulates Interleukin-1 alpha gene expression in HaCaT cells

16 citations , January 2018 in “International Journal of Trichology”

In this study, minoxidil significantly downregulated interleukin-1 alpha expression in human keratinocyte cells, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect that may be a mechanism of action in treating alopecia.

research Interleukin-6 Null Mice Paradoxically Display Increased STAT3 Activity and Wound-Induced Hair Neogenesis

16 citations , January 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that IL-6 knockout mice exhibited increased wound-induced hair neogenesis compared to wild-type mice, likely due to enhanced STAT3 activation facilitated by compensatory cytokine activity.

research Evaluation of the level of serum Interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-15 andIL-17) and its relationship with disease severity in patients with alopecia areata

14 citations , July 2021 in “Anais brasileiros de dermatologia/Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

This study found that alopecia areata patients had higher baseline interleukin levels, which significantly decreased with tofacitinib treatment, though this change did not correspond to disease severity improvement.

research Serum level of interleukin-15 in active alopecia areata patients and its relation to age, sex, and disease severity

14 citations , January 2020 in “Advances in Dermatology and Allergology”

This study found that elevated serum levels of IL-15 in active alopecia areata patients are correlated with disease severity, suggesting it plays a role in disease pathogenesis.

research Interleukin-6 from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Promotes Tissue Repair by the Increase of Cell Proliferation and Hair Follicles in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Treated Skin Flaps

14 citations , November 2019 in “Mediators of inflammation”

This study found that adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned media improved skin flap survival following ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by increasing cell proliferation and the number of hair follicles, mediated by IL-6.

research Influence of interleukin‐1α on androgen receptor expression and cytokine secretion by cultured human dermal papilla cells

14 citations , September 2006 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study suggests that interleukin-1 α influences dermal papilla cell activity by modifying androgen receptor expression and increasing the secretion of several growth factors and cytokines.

research Genetic analysis of interleukin 18 gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata

12 citations , January 2018 in “Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis”

This study found that IL-18 rs187238 and rs1946518 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with increased susceptibility to alopecia areata in a Turkish population.

research Interleukin 6 and STAT3 regulate p63 isoform expression in keratinocytes during regeneration

11 citations , November 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study reported that IL-6/STAT3 signaling influences p63 isoform expression in keratinocytes and is involved in wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis, highlighting the interplay between immune and developmental pathways.

research A functional polymorphism in interleukin-1α (IL1A) gene is associated with risk of alopecia areata in Chinese populations

11 citations , March 2013 in “Gene”

This study reported that the IL1A 4-bp indel polymorphism is associated with a reduced risk of alopecia areata in Chinese populations, possibly through miR-122 mediated regulation of IL-1α expression.

Injury-Induced Interleukin-1 Alpha Promotes Lgr5 Hair Follicle Stem Cells Regeneration and Proliferation via Regulating Regenerative Microenvironment in Mice

research Injury-induced interleukin-1 alpha promotes Lgr5 hair follicle stem cells de novo regeneration and proliferation via regulating regenerative microenvironment in mice

7 citations , February 2023 in “Inflammation and Regeneration”

This study found that IL-1α promotes hair follicle regeneration and stem cell activation in an age-dependent manner by modulating inflammatory cells and oxidative stress in mice.

Trichophyton Tonsurans-Induced Kerion Celsi with Decreased Defensin Expression and Paradoxically Increased Interleukin-17A Production

research Trichophyton tonsurans‐induced kerion celsi with decreased defensin expression and paradoxically increased interleukin‐17A production

7 citations , July 2019 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

This case report describes an 18-year-old male with kerion celsi from Trichophyton tonsurans infection whose condition improved with terbinafine treatment, and highlights that although IL-17A expression increased in skin lesions, it was associated with disrupted antimicrobial peptide expression and severe inflammation, causing tissue damage.

research Interleukin-15 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Iraqi Patients with Alopecia Areata

6 citations , May 2023 in “Dermatology Research and Practice”

This study observed that patients with alopecia areata had significantly higher serum levels of IL-15 and TNF-α compared to controls, with TNF-α levels particularly elevated in individuals with alopecia totalis, though these biomarkers were not influenced by disease duration or activity.

research To evaluate the role of interleukin-6 in alopecia areata

5 citations , April 2024 in “Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association”

This study found that alopecia areata patients had significantly higher levels of interleukin-6 compared to healthy controls.

research RETRACTED: Interleukin‐33 links asthma to alopecia areata: Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis

4 citations , August 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology”

The study was retracted.