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Glossary Inflammatory Pathways

molecular signals triggering the body's response to harmful stimuli

Inflammatory pathways, also known as inflammatory signaling pathways, are a series of molecular signals and reactions that the body uses to respond to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. These pathways involve various cells and proteins, including cytokines and chemokines, which work together to initiate and regulate inflammation, ultimately aiming to protect and heal the body. Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing treatments for conditions like alopecia, where inflammation can play a significant role in hair loss.

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research Major Differences in Expression of Inflammatory Pathways in Skin from Different Body Sites of Healthy Individuals

18 citations , May 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study observed significant differences in immune cell infiltration and gene expression across different skin sites, with the back displaying higher tolerance-promoting immune mechanisms, which may enhance epicutaneous immunotherapy outcomes.

Particulate Matter Exposure Induces Maternal Scalp Hair Loss After Birth in C57/B6 Mouse via Alteration of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Pathways

research Particulate matter exposure induces maternal scalp hair loss after birth in C57/B6 mouse via alteration of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways

May 2026 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

In a mouse model, this study found that exposure to PM2.5 leads to significant postpartum hair loss, apparent via morphological changes and elevated markers of inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis, potentially exacerbated by changes in hormone receptors and stem cell populations.

research Dracorhodin Perchlorate Regulates the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines through the TLR4 Pathway and Improves Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

4 citations , April 2022 in “Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine”

This study found that dracorhodin perchlorate improved wound healing in diabetic rats by regulating the TLR4 pathway and related inflammatory factors.

research JAK-STAT pathway-associated skin diseases: a refined functional framework for inflammatory skin diseases

June 2026 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This review highlights the potential for JAK inhibitors to effectively treat inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases by targeting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, advocating for an integrated approach to enhance targeted therapy.

research miR‐200a‐3p in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Derived Exosomes Attenuates UVB‐Induced Skin Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress via Keap1‐Nrf2 Pathway

January 2025 in “Stem Cells International”

This study found that exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in UVB-induced skin injury in cell and mouse models, suggesting their potential for treating UV-damaged skin by influencing Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.

Particulate Matter Induces Inflammatory Response in Human Outer Root Sheath Cells via Oxidative Stress-Dependent MAPK and JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways

research 705 Particulate matter induces inflammatory response in human outer root sheath cells via oxidative stress-dependent MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways

July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that particulate matter can induce inflammation in human outer root sheath cells, potentially affecting hair growth, through oxidative stress-dependent MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.

The High-Polarity Fraction of Tail Fat Derived from Lanzhou Fat-Tailed Sheep Enhances Skin Wound Healing Through the Regulation of Inflammatory Factors and the TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling Pathway

research The high-polarity fraction of tail fat derived from Lanzhou Fat-Tailed sheep enhances skin wound healing through the regulation of inflammatory factors and the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway

June 2026 in “Food Science and Human Wellness”

In this study, the high polarity fraction of Lanzhou Fat-Tailed Sheep tail fat showed significant antioxidant and wound healing properties in a mouse model, promoting faster wound closure and reducing inflammation by modulating cytokine levels and enhancing collagen production.

research Transcriptomic crossroads: Decoding genes and pathways that connect alopecia areata with chronic inflammatory skin disorders

May 2026 in “JID Innovations”

This study found a significant overlap between gene expression signatures of alopecia areata and certain chronic inflammatory skin disorders, suggesting shared biological processes may drive their co-occurrence and providing a foundation for future research into distinct comorbid subtypes.

research The PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Associated Signaling Pathways as Molecular Drivers of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Update on Therapeutic Strategy Using Natural and Synthetic Compounds

9 citations , June 2023 in “Cells”

This review summarizes recent findings on how the dysregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway contributes to immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorders and discusses the potential of natural products, synthetic compounds, and biologic agents in their treatment. However, it emphasizes the need for further research to develop effective therapies.

research i-PRF-Derived Exosomes Promote Hair Regeneration by Modulating Inflammatory, Oxidative, Angiogenic, and Regenerative Pathways in an Androgenetic Alopecia Mouse Model

February 2026 in “Trends in Sciences”

In a testosterone-induced mouse model, this study found that exosomes from injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, while enhancing hair regeneration, with the greatest improvements seen when combined with minoxidil, suggesting potential as a novel treatment for androgenetic alopecia.

research The IL-23/IL-17 Pathway in Inflammatory Skin Diseases: From Bench to Bedside

144 citations , November 2020 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This study summarizes how the IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and highlights that biologics targeting this pathway, including monoclonal antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17, have shown efficacy in clinical trials for these conditions.

research Drugs targeting the JAK/STAT pathway for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases: protocol for a scoping review

17 citations , May 2019 in “BMJ Open”

This review discusses the potential of drugs targeting the JAK/STAT pathway for dermatological diseases and outlines a protocol to assess existing evidence, reporting no new clinical results.

research The common regulatory pathway of COVID-19 and multiple inflammatory diseases and the molecular mechanism of cepharanthine in the treatment of COVID-19

15 citations , July 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

This study suggests that Cepharanthine, a monomer in traditional Chinese medicine, may help treat COVID-19 by affecting multiple signaling pathways, and that TNF and IL-17 inhibitors used in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gouty arthritis might also be beneficial.

Alleviation of Androgenetic Alopecia with Aqueous Paeonia Lactiflora and Poria Cocos Extract Intake Through Suppressing the Steroid Hormone and Inflammatory Pathway

research Alleviation of Androgenetic Alopecia with Aqueous Paeonia lactiflora and Poria cocos Extract Intake through Suppressing the Steroid Hormone and Inflammatory Pathway

4 citations , November 2021 in “Pharmaceuticals”

This study found that Paeonia lactiflora and Poria cocos extracts promoted hair regrowth in a mouse model of androgenetic alopecia, with similar effects observed to normal controls.

Stress Inhibits Hair Growth in Mice by Inducing Premature Catagen Development and Harmful Perifollicular Inflammatory Events via Neuropeptide Substance P-Dependent Pathways

research Stress Inhibits Hair Growth in Mice by Induction of Premature Catagen Development and Deleterious Perifollicular Inflammatory Events via Neuropeptide Substance P-Dependent Pathways

194 citations , March 2003 in “American Journal of Pathology”

This study found that psychoemotional stress disrupts hair growth in mice by terminating anagen and suggests a potential pathway for pharmacological management of stress-related hair loss in humans.

research Inflammatory memory-activated biomimetic nanovesicles regulate neutrophil plasticity and metabolic reprogramming for rapid diabetic wound healing via targeting miR-193a-5p/TLR4/JNK/P38 MAPK pathways

9 citations , February 2025 in “Journal of Nanobiotechnology”

In this study, researchers found that using bioinspired nanovesicles derived from inflammation memory-activated epidermal stem cells effectively promoted healing in diabetic wounds by reprogramming neutrophils to an anti-inflammatory phenotype in both laboratory and animal models.

Melatonin Promotes the Development of Secondary Hair Follicles in Adult Cashmere Goats by Activating the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Inhibiting the Inflammatory Transcription Factors NFkB and AP-1

research Melatonin Promotes the Development of Secondary Hair Follicles in Adult Cashmere Goats by Activating the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway and Inhibiting the Inflammatory Transcription Factors NFκB and AP-1

1 citations , February 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study found that exogenous melatonin improved cashmere fiber quality and yield in goats by enhancing antioxidant capacity and reducing pro-aging cytokine expression in secondary hair follicles.

research BH17 Bridging the gap: identifying dual-targeting therapies for patients with alopecia areata and coexisting immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

June 2025 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study reviewed therapies for alopecia areata and suggests that Janus kinase inhibitors, such as baricitinib and upadacitinib, show promise in treating both alopecia areata and associated immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.

The Hair Follicle and Hair Loss: A Review of DHT, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Signaling and the Biological Pathways Behind Hair Growth

research The Hair Follicle and Hair Loss: A Review of DHT, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Signalling and the Biological Pathways Behind Hair Growth

August 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

This review suggests that hair loss involves a complex interplay of androgen signaling with various regenerative and inflammatory pathways, challenging the view of dihydrotestosterone as the sole cause.

research The Hair Follicle and Hair Loss: A Review of DHT, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Signalling and the Biological Pathways Behind Hair Growth

August 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

This narrative literature review by LUSTRAO examines the complex biological mechanisms influencing hair growth and loss, highlighting that androgen signalling, while significant, works within a network involving regenerative, inflammatory, and vascular processes, without establishing it as the sole explanation for conditions like androgenetic alopecia.

Skin Microbiota Ameliorates Androgenetic Alopecia by Harmonizing Skin Immuno-Inflammatory Balance

research Skin bacteriota ameliorates androgenetic alopecia via harmonizing skin immuno inflammatory balance

March 2026 in “Brazilian Journal of Microbiology”

This study found that restoring the skin microbiome significantly improved hair growth and skin condition in androgenic alopecia model mice by modulating the immune-inflammatory balance, highlighting the potential of bacterial-based therapies for hair loss.

research The Inflammatory Caspases-1 and -11 Mediate the Pathogenesis of Dermatitis in Sharpin-Deficient Mice

59 citations , July 2015 in “Journal of Immunology”

This study found that disrupting inflammasome signaling by eliminating caspase-1 and -11 in mice reduced skin inflammation and delayed the onset of disease, highlighting their role in skin disease pathogenesis.

research Regulation of pathophysiological and tissue regenerative functions of MSCs mediated via the WNT signaling pathway (Review)

18 citations , July 2021 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

This review summarizes existing knowledge of how the WNT signaling pathway affects mesenchymal stem cells under various conditions, highlighting challenges and mechanisms for clinical applications.

research Camellia sinensis Seed Flavonoids Attenuate UVB-Induced Inflammation and UVA-Induced Photodamage via MAPK/NF-κB and AP-1 Pathways

March 2026 in “Molecules”

In this laboratory study, researchers reported that Camellia sinensis seed flavonoids significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in UV-irradiated skin cells by modulating key signaling pathways, highlighting its potential as a skincare ingredient for anti-inflammatory and anti-photoaging benefits.

research 711 Small molecule wnt pathway inhibitor (SM04755) as a potential topical psoriasis treatment

April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that SM04755, a novel topical drug, inhibited inflammation, keratinocyte proliferation, and fibrosis in vitro and improved skin health in a mouse model of psoriasis, indicating potential as a topical psoriasis treatment.

Dual Deficiency of Melatonin and Dihydrotestosterone Promotes Stromal Cell Damage and Mediates Prostatitis via the cGAS-STING Pathway in Sleep-Deprived Mice

research Dual deficiency of melatonin and dihydrotestosterone promotes stromal cell damage and mediates prostatitis via the cGAS-STING pathway in sleep-deprived mice

March 2024 in “Cell communication and signaling”

This study found that sleep deprivation in mice can trigger prostatitis by activating the cGAS-STING pathway due to reduced levels of dihydrotestosterone and melatonin, resulting in a pro-inflammatory environment, while recovery sleep can mitigate these effects.

research Small Molecule Inhibitors and Inflammatory Skin Diseases

March 2018 in “Suez Canal University Medical Journal”

This review examines targeting the JAK-STAT pathway in inflammatory skin diseases, highlighting existing JAK inhibitors and potential developments, but presents no new experimental or clinical results.

research The emerging role of Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

70 citations , October 2020 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

This review discusses the JAK-STAT pathway and the use of FDA-approved JAK inhibitors for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases but reports no new research findings.

research Serenoa repens extracts promote hair regeneration and repair of hair loss mouse models by activating TGF-β and mitochondrial signaling pathway.

24 citations , June 2018 in “PubMed”

This study found that liposterolic extracts of Serenoa repens enhanced hair regeneration and repair in DHT-induced hair loss mouse models, suggesting potential effects comparable to finasteride.

research Rice bran mineral extract increases the expression of anagen-related molecules in human dermal papilla through wnt/catenin pathway

9 citations , January 2017 in “Food & Nutrition Research”

In this study, rice bran mineral extract increased expression of anagen-related proteins and decreased inflammatory markers in human dermal papilla cells, suggesting potential for hair growth enhancement and prevention of hair loss.