253 citations
,
December 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study suggests that human hair follicles may actively suppress natural killer cells, which contrasts with the observed defects in NK cell regulation in alopecia areata.
114 citations
,
August 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Alopecia areata is caused by an immune response, and targeting immune cells might help treat it.
97 citations
,
May 2019 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology” This review examines the interaction between the extracellular matrix and immune cells in skin diseases and evaluates advanced therapies that target involved molecular mechanisms, reporting no new clinical findings.
53 citations
,
September 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study suggests that cultured hair follicle dermal sheath cup cells exhibit immune privilege properties, partly through the expression of PD-L1, which impacts co-cultured immune cells' behavior.
27 citations
,
January 2020 in “Experimental Dermatology” This review discusses the role of immune cells in mammalian hair cycle control and highlights their potential relevance to human hair cycling disorders, reporting no new clinical findings.
14 citations
,
January 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology” The study suggested certain immune cells might cause alopecia areata, but it was retracted.
10 citations
,
January 2019 in “International Immunology” This review discusses the interactions between immune cells and the skin epithelium and their impact on maintaining barrier function, emphasizing the potential to enhance epithelial barrier function in inflammatory diseases.
9 citations
,
August 2017 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology” This study found that isolated red light may serve as an alternative for photo-immunotherapy without additional photosensitizers, as it did not reduce keratinocyte differentiation markers or increase photo-oxidative damage, unlike treatment with IL-4 or UVA1/blue light.
7 citations
,
October 2024 in “Frontiers in Immunology” In this study, researchers prepared a humanized CXCL12 antibody for alopecia areata treatment, finding it significantly delayed disease onset in mice and reduced immune cell activation, suggesting potential as an immune modulatory therapy.
7 citations
,
January 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study found that epithelial cells in the skin of live mice regulate the density and spatial organization of immune cells, which actively maintain their position despite constant cell turnover.
6 citations
,
June 2024 in “Biofabrication” This study used digital-light-processing bioprinting to create a 3D skin-on-a-chip model with a miniaturized vascular network to closely study immune cell interactions similar to real human skin, demonstrating the potential to analyze immune-T cell trafficking influenced by skin signals.
6 citations
,
November 2018 in “American journal of transplantation” This study reported that using UVB preirradiation and anti-CD154 antibody treatment in a humanized mouse model prolonged hair follicle allograft survival and reduced immune cell infiltration without needing generalized immunosuppression.
6 citations
,
October 2024 in “International Journal of Dermatology” In this study, researchers conducted single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal that proinflammatory fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells play significant roles in the immune microenvironment of keloids, suggesting potential targets for new therapeutic approaches.
5 citations
,
February 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This review discusses the roles of distinct immune cell types in skin wound healing, highlighting findings from animal studies, but provides no new clinical results.
3 citations
,
August 2024 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This source reports that understanding how skin cells and immune cells interact may lead to better treatment options for inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, emphasizing the role of epithelial-immune microenvironments in disease pathogenesis.
2 citations
,
May 2024 in “Immunity” In this study, Luan et al. showed that epidermal stem cells play a key role in wound healing by coordinating the recruitment of regulatory T cells and neutrophils, which help balance immune tolerance and inflammation.
1 citations
,
June 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study found that fibroblast loss in the upper dermis from UVR exposure is linked to a deregulated inflammatory response, with T cells playing a protective role in fibroblast survival.
1 citations
,
January 2025 in “Genes & Diseases” This review highlights that T cells are crucial in regulating hair follicle regeneration and their disruption can lead to alopecia, providing insights into hair disorders related to T cell immune balance and hair follicle regeneration.
1 citations
,
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Immune cells boost stem cell activity in hairy moles, causing more hair growth.
1 citations
,
September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This study reviewed the expression of chemokines in patients with alopecia areata, finding elevated Th1 and Th2 chemokine levels, suggesting a complex immune profile that may require broad immunomodulatory strategies to address the disease's underlying immune dysregulation.
September 2025 in “Figshare” This study conducted a scoping review and meta-analysis revealing a complex chemokine profile in alopecia areata patients, with elevated Th1, Th2, and other immune pathway chemokines, suggesting broader immunomodulatory strategies may help address the disease's multifaceted immune dysregulation.
September 2025 in “Figshare” In this scoping review and meta-analysis, researchers found that patients with alopecia areata exhibit complex chemokine profiles, with elevated levels of Th1, Th2, and other immune pathway-associated chemokines, suggesting the potential for broad immunomodulatory strategies to address the disease's immune dysregulation.
July 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Hemp seed biomaterials may reduce hair loss and improve hair growth.
July 2024 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” Certain immune cells are linked to non-scarring hair loss, suggesting potential for immune-targeted treatments.
This study found that germinated hemp seeds extract and exosomes from their calli can prevent androgenetic alopecia by modulating genetic, cellular, and immune responses in hair follicle dermal papilla stem cells and CD8+ T cells, with exosomes being more effective.
February 2024 in “Skin research and technology” The researchers in this study identified molecular mechanisms involved in frontal fibrosis alopecia, highlighting immune response and fatty acid metabolism, and developed a four-gene diagnostic model showing high accuracy in distinguishing affected individuals from controls.
October 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” This study constructed a comprehensive atlas of prenatal human skin, revealing that innate immune cells, such as macrophages, play a crucial role in skin morphogenesis by interacting with non-immune cells, influencing hair follicle formation and angiogenesis beyond their traditional immune functions.
September 2023 in “Nature Communications” In this animal study, the researchers found that biodegradable extracellular matrix scaffolds accelerated wound healing and enhanced hair follicle neogenesis in mice, suggesting a role for immune systems in tissue regeneration.
September 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that TNC + fibroblasts are crucial in neuro-immune interactions in various skin diseases, particularly inflammation and tumors, by engaging extensively with immune cells and overexpressing inflammatory genes, suggesting their significant role in skin abnormalities.
August 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” In this study, researchers observed that Melan A, a melanocytic marker, was significantly expressed in hair follicles of alopecia areata patients and correlated with immune infiltrates, suggesting melanocytes might contribute to the autoimmune response in this condition.