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Glossary Hyperkeratosis

excessive thickening of skin's outer layer due to keratin

Hyperkeratosis is a condition where the outer layer of the skin, known as the stratum corneum, becomes excessively thick due to an overproduction of keratin. This can result in rough, scaly patches on the skin and is often seen in conditions like psoriasis or eczema. For professionals, it is important to note that hyperkeratosis can be a response to chronic irritation or inflammation and may require targeted treatments to manage the underlying cause.

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research Follicular cysts and hyperkeratoses in early mycosis fungoides

3 citations , September 1998 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

In this case study, long-term treatment with acitretin significantly improved chronic skin conditions like erythematosquamous plaques and follicular hyperkeratoses in a patient, but stopping the treatment led to severe worsening of symptoms.

research Loss of Keratin K2 Expression Causes Aberrant Aggregation of K10, Hyperkeratosis, and Inflammation

32 citations , April 2014 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study demonstrates that keratin K2 is crucial for proper keratinocyte structure and function in specific mouse skin areas, and its deficiency leads to cellular aggregates and skin abnormalities.

research [Dermatophytic disease: exuberant hyperkeratosis with cutaneous horns].

6 citations , October 1998 in “PubMed”

This case study reports a new variant of chronic dermatophytosis with giant cutaneous horns, suggesting a possible genetic link and highlighting successful treatment with antifungal medications.

research A combination of low-dose systemic etretinate and topical calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate treatment for hyperkeratosis and itching in Olmsted syndrome associated with a TRPV3 mutation

5 citations , May 2017 in “Journal of dermatological science”

This study reviewed the genetic and phenotypic aspects of Olmsted syndrome, highlighting pathogenic mutations in TRPV3 and MBTPS2 genes and their association with specific skin manifestations like symmetrical keratoderma and hyperkeratotic plaques.

Resolution of Plantar Hyperkeratosis of Pachyonychia Congenita During Chemotherapy for Ewing Sarcoma

research Resolution of the plantar hyperkeratosis of pachyonychia congenita during chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma

2 citations , August 2013 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This case report observed a dramatic improvement in a 15-year-old girl's pachyonychia congenita symptoms during chemotherapy for Ewing sarcoma, suggesting chemotherapy's potential role in managing hyperkeratotic conditions.

Cryo-EM and Molecular Dynamics of TRPV3 Channel in Activated State Reveal Structural Features Implicated in Severe Itch and Hyperkeratosis

research 738 Cryo-EM and molecular dynamics of TRPV3 channel in activated state reveal structural features implicated in severe itch and hyperkeratosis

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that structural changes in the TRPV3 channel are linked to severe skin conditions like Olmsted syndrome, with differences observed between heat-activated and resting states.

research Systematized Epidermal Nevus with Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis Improving with Topical Calcipotriol/Betametasone Dipropionate Combination Ointment

12 citations , September 2012 in “Pediatric Dermatology”

This case report describes a 5-year-old boy with extensive epidermal nevus who experienced marked improvement using a topical calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate combination ointment.

research Intracorneal vacuoles in skin diseases with parakeratotic hyperkeratosis in the dog: a retrospective light‐microscopy study of 111 cases (1973–2000)

7 citations , February 2002 in “Veterinary Dermatology”

This study found that intracorneal vacuoles were common in various parakeratotic skin diseases in dogs, but large vacuoles were exclusively observed in congenital follicular parakeratosis.

research Unilateral nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola in a Saudi female

2 citations , July 2018 in “Our Dermatology Online”

This case report documents the first known instance of nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola with unilateral presentation in a Saudi female, diagnosed through clinical evaluation and biopsy.

research GJB6 missense variant in a Labrador Retriever with paw pad hyperkeratosis

January 2026 in “Animal Genetics”

This study investigated a Labrador Retriever with paw pad hyperkeratosis and identified a unique de novo heterozygous missense variant in the GJB6 gene, suggesting its potential role in the condition, analogous to Clouston syndrome in humans, although differences between species may provide further insights.

research Actinic Hyperkeratosis Treated with Retinol Combined with a Polylysine Biovector: A Case Report

September 2025

In this case study, the researchers observed that a dermocosmetic formulation with encapsulated retinol led to complete regression of a chronic actinic keratosis lesion on the scalp, suggesting it may be a promising treatment approach.

research Actinic Hyperkeratosis Treated with Retinol Combined with A Polylysine Biovector: A Case Report

January 2025 in “ARC Journal of Clinical Case Reports”

This case report suggests that using encapsulated retinol in polylysine may effectively treat actinic keratosis with minimal irritation, potentially providing a safer alternative for frequent use.

research A Rare Case of Orthokeratotic Hyperkeratosis in a Kid Induced by Malassezial Dermatitis

January 2024 in “The Indian Veterinary Journal”

In this case study involving a two-month-old crossbred kid, severe skin conditions characterized by alopecia and pruritic lesions were linked to Malassezia yeast and bacteria, and successful treatment was observed with ketoconazole and supportive care.

research Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis

9 citations , July 2002 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This article discusses multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis in a dermatological context and reports no new clinical findings; the authors focus on a descriptive review.

research Zinc-responsive Acral Hyperkeratosis as a Sequele of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

October 2025 in “Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology”

This case study documents a boy with zinc-responsive acral hyperkeratosis improving significantly after zinc supplementation, suggesting it could result from inadequately treated acrodermatitis enteropathica.

research Inherited disorders of the skin in human and mouse: from development to differentiation.

25 citations , January 2004 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology”

This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in hair and epidermal development, highlighting how studies on human inherited diseases and mouse models have deepened our understanding; it reports no new results.

research Case Report of Wound Treatment with Hyiodine Gel in an Occasional KID Syndrome Patient

December 2025 in “Journal of Clinical Medicine”

In this case study, the researchers reported that surgical debridement combined with targeted dermatological and antimicrobial therapy effectively managed chronic lower-limb wounds in a patient with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome, underscoring the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in treating this rare condition.

research BRAF Inhibitor Dabrafenib in Patients with Metastatic BRAF-Mutant Thyroid Cancer

188 citations , October 2014 in “Thyroid”

This study found that dabrafenib was well tolerated and led to durable responses in patients with BRAF-mutant differentiated thyroid carcinoma, with a median progression-free survival of 11.3 months.

research A Novel Connexin 26 Mutation in a Patient Diagnosed with Keratitis–Ichthyosis–Deafness Syndrome

152 citations , April 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study presents evidence that keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome is caused by a mutation in the connexin 26 gene, expanding the gene's known involvement in various disorders.

research Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 induces hyperplasia, dermal abnormalities, and spontaneous tumor formation in transgenic mice

147 citations , April 1997 in “Oncogene”

This study found that transgenic mice expressing IGF-1 in their skin showed significant skin changes, early hair follicle generation, and a higher propensity to develop tumors after chemical promotion, suggesting IGF-1's role in skin carcinogenesis.

Suprabasal Desmoglein 3 Expression in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Results in Hyperproliferation and Abnormal Differentiation

research Suprabasal Desmoglein 3 Expression in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Results in Hyperproliferation and Abnormal Differentiation

108 citations , July 2002 in “Molecular and cellular biology”

This study found that overexpressing Dsg3 in the suprabasal epidermis of transgenic mice resulted in flaking skin and abnormal hair growth, supporting Dsg3's role in regulating epidermal differentiation.

research Keratin 17 Expression in the Hard Epithelial Context of the Hair and Nail, and its Relevance for the Pachyonychia Congenita Phenotype

88 citations , June 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Keratin 17 is important for hair and nail structure and affects pachyonychia congenita symptoms.

research Targeted transgenic expression of the mutation causing Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome leads to proliferative and degenerative epidermal disease

85 citations , March 2008 in “Journal of Cell Science”

This study created transgenic mouse models with the LMNA gene mutation common in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, revealing skin and teeth abnormalities related to transgene expression levels.

research Activation of Nrf2 in keratinocytes causes chloracne (MADISH)‐like skin disease in mice

81 citations , February 2014 in “EMBO molecular medicine”

This study found that prolonged Nrf2 activation in mouse keratinocytes led to enlarged sebaceous glands, hair loss, and cysts, suggesting a role for Nrf2 in conditions like MADISH.

research Inherited ichthyoses/generalized Mendelian disorders of cornification

81 citations , June 2012 in “European journal of human genetics”

This review outlines a diagnostic framework for clinicians to distinguish different types of inherited ichthyoses and suggests further testing and treatment strategies, but reports no new clinical results.

research Clinical Findings, Cutaneous Pathology, and Response to Therapy in 21 Patients With Keratosis Pilaris Atrophicans

78 citations , April 1994 in “Archives of dermatology”

This study suggests genetic and clinical heterogeneity in keratosis pilaris atrophicans, with variations in inheritance patterns, severity, and response to treatment among 21 individuals observed.