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Glossary grain

small, hard seeds of cereal crops like wheat and rice

Grain refers to the small, hard seeds of cereal crops such as wheat, rice, corn, barley, and oats, which are harvested for food consumption. These seeds are a staple in human diets worldwide and are also used in animal feed and various industrial applications. Grains are rich in carbohydrates, providing a significant source of energy, and they also contain essential nutrients like proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

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research Dysregulation of Grainyhead-like 3 expression causes widespread developmental defects

September 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study reports that despite rescuing neurulation and skin barrier defects, Grhl3 gene overexpression in mice leads to hearing impairment, hair loss, and other developmental abnormalities, highlighting low tolerance for Grhl3 dysregulation.

research Gain‐of‐function variants in the ODC1 gene cause a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder associated with macrocephaly, alopecia, dysmorphic features, and neuroimaging abnormalities

28 citations , November 2018 in “American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A”

This report describes a neurometabolic disorder linked to gain-of-function variants in the ODC1 gene, characterized by developmental delay, ectodermal abnormalities, and notable facial and neuroimaging features.

research Hair Loss Caused by Gain-of-Function Mutant TRPV3 Is Associated with Premature Differentiation of Follicular Keratinocytes

11 citations , March 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that hair loss in an Olmsted syndrome mouse model with a Trpv3 mutation was linked to premature keratinocyte maturation, affecting hair follicle structure and function.

research Mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia results from ETAR gain-of-function mutations via allosteric effects on ligand binding

4 citations , January 2023 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

This study identified a recurrent mutation in the endothelin receptor type A associated with mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia, and proposed a mechanism involving increased ligand affinity due to structural changes.

research Grading of hirsutism: a practical approach to the modified Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system

3 citations , October 2021 in “Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii”

This study found that evaluating terminal hair growth on the chin, thighs, and either the upper lip or lower abdomen could streamline the modified Ferriman-Gallwey scoring, aiding hirsutism diagnosis under pandemic conditions.

research Gaining New Insights in Plant Biology through Human–Machine Collaboration

1 citations , November 2023 in “Plant and Cell Physiology”

This paper reports on various AI and human augmentation technologies being applied in plant biology to enhance data processing, improve research efficiency, and enable the discovery of complex biological phenomena that are challenging for humans to perceive or quantify unaided.

research Grading of Hirsutism in Females: A Pilot Study

June 2026 in “Cureus”

In this study, researchers evaluated hirsutism in young females aged 18-24 using the modified Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system, finding that 52% showed mild to moderate-to-severe symptoms, often linked to menstrual irregularities and underlying endocrine disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome and thyroid issues.

research 889 Trpv3 gain-of-function mutation impairs differentiation of hair follicle inner root sheath

April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

In this study, the researchers introduced a mutation in mice to mimic Olmsted syndrome and found that the mutation caused hair loss due to impaired keratinocyte differentiation and depletion of hair follicle stem cells.

GainmoreTM M: An Oral Supplementation in Men with Androgenic Alopecia for Reduction in Hair Loss and New Hair Growth

research GainmoreTM M: An oral supplementation in men with Androgenic Alopecia for reduction in hair loss & new hair growth

August 2015 in “Europe PMC (PubMed Central)”

This article discusses the role of anthropometry in torso aesthetics and plastic surgery, focusing on Carlo Rochet's sculptural work, and reports no new clinical findings.

research Weight Gain and Hair Loss during Anti-TNF Therapy

16 citations , January 2012 in “International Journal of Rheumatology”

In this study, weight gain and hair loss were reported as adverse effects of anti-TNF therapy in patients with rheumatic diseases, leading some to discontinue treatment.

research Gleason grading controversies: what the chemoprevention trials have taught us

4 citations , May 2013 in “Canadian Urological Association Journal”

This study found that finasteride reduced prostate cancer incidence by 30%, with no significant difference in Gleason scores compared to placebo after re-evaluation of pathology and extended follow-up.

research JAK1 gain-of-function variant causes alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune thyroid disease

1 citations , October 2025 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

A JAK1 variant causes hair loss, skin issues, and thyroid disease, but treatment with a specific inhibitor can help.

research Severity grading of dermatological emergencies based on comorbidities and systemic involvement: An observational study

1 citations , April 2023 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This study proposes a grading system based on comorbidities and systemic involvement to assess the severity of dermatological emergencies.

research Male Senescence Phenotypes Include Hair Loss and Hair Gain

August 2026 in “Cureus”

This study found that higher scores of hair loss on the Hamilton-Norwood scale correlated with increased hair gain in the conchal bowl in men, suggesting potential age-related adaptations beyond cosmetic concerns.

research Cutaneous gain-of-function mutation of LRIG3 leads to alopecia by upregulation of ERBB, PI3K/AKT, NOTCH1 signaling pathways

May 2026 in “Scientific Reports”

In this study, researchers overexpressed Lrig3 in mouse skin and observed hair loss linked to changes in skin protein profiles and signaling pathways, suggesting a potential role for Lrig3 in maintaining skin homeostasis.

An Overview of Incidence and Mechanisms Promoting Weight Gain as an Adverse Effect of Oral Minoxidil Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia

research An overview of incidence and mechanisms promoting weight gain as an adverse effect of oral minoxidil therapy for androgenetic alopecia

June 2024 in “European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine”

This review found that oral minoxidil, used for treating androgenetic alopecia, can cause dose-dependent fluid retention and weight gain, but remains safe for most patients; a diuretic might be needed if significant weight gain occurs.

research Weight Gain - Marathon Runner/Triathlete

May 2004 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise”

In this case study, the patient increased daily calorie intake and added resistance training, resulting in a 35% increase in resting metabolism and a 5-pound loss of body fat over six weeks.

research Weight Gain - Marathon Runner/Triathlete

May 2004 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise”

In this case study, increasing daily calories and adding resistance training led to a 35% increase in resting metabolism and a 3% reduction in body fat over six weeks.

research A clinico-trichoscopic analysis of hair density and diameter variability in relation to severity grading of female pattern hair loss

September 2022 in “International Journal of Trichology”

This study found that trichoscopic measurements of hair density and diameter are useful for assessing the severity of female pattern hair loss and its progression.

research Acne severity and the Global Acne Grading System in polycystic ovary syndrome

22 citations , August 2013 in “International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics”

This study found that GAGS scores for acne were higher in younger women with PCOS and a lower BMI, but showed no association with levels of androgen hormones.

research Biological significance of FoxN1 gain-of-function mutations during T and B lymphopoiesis in juvenile mice

16 citations , October 2014 in “Cell death and disease”

This study found that over- and ectopic-expression of FoxN1 in early life negatively affected the development of thymic epithelial cells, T and B cells, and skin epithelial cells.

research Twelve‐point scale grading system of scanning electron microscopic examination to investigate subtle changes in damaged hair surface

8 citations , January 2016 in “Skin research and technology”

This study found that a new 12-point scale provided a more precise measurement system for evaluating hair damage and improvement after hair care product use compared to a 5-point scale.

Effect of Body Weight Gain During Cashmere Non-Growing Period on Cashmere Production Performance and Secondary Hair Follicle Activity of Cashmere Goats

research Effect of Body Weight Gain During Cashmere Non-Growing Period on Cashmere Production Performance and Secondary Hair Follicle Activity of Cashmere Goats

2 citations , September 2023

This study found that among Inner Mongolian cashmere goats, body weight gain during the non-growing period positively correlated with increases in cashmere yield, staple length, and secondary hair follicle activity, suggesting that nutritional interventions may enhance cashmere production.

research A semiquantitative grading scale for frontal and vertex of androgenetic alopecia

2 citations , December 2018 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This study developed a new semiquantitative grading scale for frontal and vertex androgenetic alopecia, which was found to be more sensitive and objective than existing classifications.

research Quantitative Studies on Human Hair Growth(II). Correlation between Subjective Grading and Objective Measurements of Hair Growth.

2 citations , January 1994 in “Journal of S C C J”

This study found that objective measurements of hair growth, such as hair growth rate and diameter, can provide a more accurate evaluation of androgenic alopecia than subjective grading alone.

research S4240 Nutrafol's Hair Gains and Liver Strains

1 citations , October 2024 in “The American Journal of Gastroenterology”

This case study suggests that the use of the dietary supplement Nutrafol may have led to drug-induced liver injury in a 26-year-old woman, as evidenced by increased liver enzymes and bilirubin levels which improved after stopping the supplement.

research Prediction of gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations using Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD)

1 citations , September 2017

This study found that the combination of Stemoxydine® and Resveratrol improved hair density in women with Female Pattern Hair Loss.

research Skin Semiology and Grading Scales

1 citations , March 2013

The document concludes that dermatology training and grading scales need to better represent dark-skinned individuals to improve diagnosis and assessment of skin conditions.

research Hoxc13 polyglycine repeat gain-of-function drives mammalian integument evolution by altering targeted genes and interactions

May 2026 in “Research Square”

This research reports that the polyG fragment within the Hoxc13 protein alters its gene regulatory functions, which could have influenced mammalian hair evolution by affecting pathways related to hair follicle development.

research Development of a New Grading Scale for Evaluating Overall Hair Density

February 2026 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

A new reliable scale improves accuracy in measuring hair density and treatment response.