November 2022 in “International journal of trichology” Glyoxylic acid straighteners cause more protein loss but have similar hair strength effects as traditional alkaline straighteners.
56 citations,
January 1996 in “Journal of Forensic Sciences” Dye enters hair at the edges of cuticle cells and penetrates more from water than alcohol-based solutions.
49 citations,
April 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Hair ages as the cuticle wears down, especially beyond 1 meter from the root, affecting its strength and shine.
20 citations,
January 2003 in “Journal of oleo science” Chemical treatments and daily stresses damage hair, especially the cuticle layer.
19 citations,
May 2008 in “Applied spectroscopy” Human hair has different protein structures in its cuticle and cortex.
19 citations,
July 1964 in “PubMed” Hair follicle cells become four types: medulla, cortex, cuticle, and inner root sheath.
18 citations,
January 1994 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” Sunlight damages hair, causing cuticle loss, protein changes, and discoloration.
17 citations,
July 2014 in “Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine” Abnormal cuticle and hair shaft medulla cause hair loss in androgenetic alopecia; sonography helps diagnose and manage it.
15 citations,
February 1999 in “The anatomical record” Some mutant mice have hair with abnormal cross-linking, mainly in the cuticle, not affecting other hair parts.
10 citations,
January 2002 in “Nihon Keshouhin Gijutsushakaishi/Journal of S C C./Nihon Keshouhin Gijutsushakai kaishi” The cuticle significantly contributes to hair stiffness, making up about 60% of the total bending stress.
9 citations,
January 2011 in “Journal of X-ray science and technology” Perming and bleaching damage hair differently, with bleached hair having more cysteic acid in the cuticle.
8 citations,
November 2019 in “International Journal of Morphology” Henna dye improves hair cuticle and thickness but effects vary by hair type and health.
2 citations,
March 1977 in “Journal of animal science/Journal of animal science ... and ASAS reference compendium” Defective mink guard hairs have split tips and missing cuticle cells, causing a metallic sheen.
August 2007 in “Microscopy and Microanalysis” Hair fibers break by cuticle cell slipping, shape changing, cuticle fraying, and surface cracking when stretched under specific conditions.
February 1999 in “The anatomical record” Two mouse mutants have defective hair cuticle cross-linking.
1 citations,
January 2007 in “AIP conference proceedings” High-resolution x-ray images showed three main structures in human hair: medulla, cortex, and cuticle.
117 citations,
August 2005 in “Ultramicroscopy” Human hair's strength and flexibility vary by ethnicity, damage, and treatment.
81 citations,
December 2007 in “Acta materialia” AFM helped show how hair changes under tension and the effects of damage and conditioner.
52 citations,
February 2005 in “Biopolymers” Chemical hair straightening changes hair proteins and mostly fixes broken bonds.
51 citations,
January 2014 in “International journal of trichology” Shampoo pH can affect hair health, with alkaline shampoos potentially causing damage and acidic shampoos reducing frizz.
45 citations,
December 2006 in “Biopolymers” Permanent waving weakens hair by altering its protein structure.
31 citations,
December 2010 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Loose anagen hair syndrome is caused by structural abnormalities in the hair follicle's inner root sheath.
31 citations,
June 2010 in “Journal of dermatology” Hair bleaching causes significant damage to hair and skin.
30 citations,
September 2018 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Bleaching hair causes severe structural and chemical damage, including protein loss and oxidation.
27 citations,
January 1995 Melanin in black hair protects it from sun damage better than light-brown hair.
22 citations,
September 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” μ-Crystallin may help hair growth by affecting thyroid hormone levels in mouse hair follicles.
20 citations,
December 2012 in “Journal of molecular structure” The study found that thioglycolic acid breaks down hair bonds more consistently than l-cysteine, which is less damaging to hair.
20 citations,
September 2018 in “Journal of colloid and interface science” Modified keratin binds better to hair, especially bleached hair.
19 citations,
January 2009 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Hair's strength and flexibility come from its protein structure and molecular interactions.
18 citations,
August 2014 in “Lipids” Human hair has more unsaturated fats inside than on the surface, and certain lipids may help bind the outer and inner layers together.