November 2024 in “Biophysical Chemistry” This study analyzed the swelling behavior of human hair during permanent waving treatment, finding that both the microstructure and macrostructure of intermediate filaments swell simultaneously at the initial stage, and while partially destructed by reduction, they are considerably restored through oxidation.
8 citations
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January 1968 This study found that high concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide are needed to cause significant swelling in hair fibers, though the swelling is reversible, unlike the effects on skin.
215 citations
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March 2018 in “Archives of Toxicology” This study found that PM2.5 exposure induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes and mouse skin, causing cellular damage, which was mitigated by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine.
20 citations
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January 2003 in “Journal of oleo science” This study found that both everyday physical and environmental stresses, as well as chemical treatments, contributed to hair damage, with cuticle layers being more noticeably affected.
4 citations
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July 2022 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study found that the moisture sorption and desorption process can differentiate between cosmetic treatments of hair and provide insights into hair fibre structure changes, with bleaching causing greater symmetry breaking than perming.