128 citations
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July 2009 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” This study found that penetration enhancer-containing vesicles significantly improved minoxidil delivery to the skin compared to traditional liposomes and penetration enhancer-containing ethanolic solutions, with deformability linked to enhanced deposition.
26 citations
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May 2012 in “Pharmaceutical Development and Technology” PEVs effectively deliver minoxidil through skin.
May 2026 in “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules” In this study, researchers developed a biomacromolecular hydrogel to deliver plant-derived extracellular vesicles for treating androgenetic alopecia in a mouse model, which significantly improved hair regrowth and follicle density by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
34 citations
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October 2021 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that nobiletin-loaded vesicles effectively restored skin condition in a mouse model of skin cancer, suggesting they are a promising treatment delivery system.
July 2026 in “Pharmaceuticals” This review highlights significant research trends and challenges in utilizing plant-derived extracellular vesicles for drug delivery and biomedical applications, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols and advanced purification technologies.