This study found that human placental extract significantly improved melasma, chronic ulcers, and alopecia areata without major adverse effects, suggesting its effectiveness and safety for these conditions.
4 citations
,
December 2023 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” This study found that topical metformin was as effective as triple combination cream in reducing melasma severity, with minimal adverse events.
July 2021 in “Physiology and Pharmacology” This study found that using a fresh umbilical cord as a natural face mask significantly reduced melasma severity in women after childbirth.
38 citations
,
August 2015 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” This study observed that topical flutamide may be as effective as hydroquinone for treating melasma, with a trend towards greater improvement and patient satisfaction, but recommends further research before clinical use.
20 citations
,
April 2019 in “BioMed Research International” This study found that DNA hypermethylation was present in melasma lesions, and treatments with sunscreen, niacinamide, and retinoic acid were associated with decreased methylation and clinical improvement.