April 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study suggests that infiltrating M2 macrophages promote wound-induced hair neogenesis in mice by producing growth factors that activate the wnt signaling pathway during the late phase of wound healing.
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July 1998 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that UV exposure in human skin induces IL-10 production by macrophages, while Langerhans cells are depleted and their IL-12 production is downregulated.
December 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study found that dermal injection of M-CSF stimulated CD11b + myeloid cells can induce alopecia areata in mice by potentially activating B lymphocytes, offering insight into the disease's pathogenesis.
November 2025 in “The Journal of Immunology” In this study, researchers observed elevated levels of epidermal γδ T cells, keratinocytes, and an upregulation of the BST2 gene among immune cells in C3H/HeJ mice with alopecia areata, suggesting a potential role in disease pathogenesis.
May 2023 in “The Journal of Immunology” In this study, researchers found that BST2 expression is significantly upregulated in skin sections of mice with alopecia areata, implicating BST2's role in the disease pathogenesis through the action of epidermal γδ T cells and macrophages.