July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study suggests that particulate matter can induce inflammation in human outer root sheath cells, potentially affecting hair growth, through oxidative stress-dependent MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that a combination of botanical extracts from Pisum sativum and Salvia hispanica reduced oxidative damage, re-balanced scalp oiliness, and improved scalp hydration and barrier function after pollution exposure.
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March 2020 in “Antioxidants” This study found that microwave-assisted Opuntia humifusa extract improved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties to counteract particulate matter's harmful effects on HaCaT keratinocytes.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Reduced AhR signaling in HS tunnels leads to persistent inflammation and microbial imbalance.
September 2025 in “Radboud University Press eBooks” This study investigated AHR signaling's role in skin biology and reported that novel AHR ligands may help restore keratinocyte function and reduce inflammation in skin diseases, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents.