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    Glossary 2D:4D ratio

    relative length of index to ring finger

    The 2D:4D ratio, also known as the digit ratio, refers to the comparative length of the second digit (index finger) to the fourth digit (ring finger). This ratio is often used as a biomarker for prenatal hormone exposure, with a lower ratio (shorter index finger relative to the ring finger) typically indicating higher exposure to testosterone, and a higher ratio indicating higher exposure to estrogen. This measure has been linked to various biological and behavioral traits, including susceptibility to certain diseases and conditions.

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    1. Can the Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D : 4D) Be a Marker to Determine Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity? Disease Markers · 2019 · 3 citations
    2. Digit-length ratios (2D:4D) as a phenotypic indicator of in utero androgen exposure is not prognostic for androgenic alopecia: a descriptive-analytic study of 1200 Iranian men Dermatology Reports · 2016 · 3 citations
    3. An isolated, implausibly large effect in a case-control study of digit ratio (2D:4D) and male androgenetic alopecia: Comment on Unal (J Cosmet Dermatol 2018;17(3):545-548) 2021
    4. The Use of 2D: 4D Digit Ratio as a Predictor of Androgenetic Alopecia: A Review Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2023
    5. Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios an indicator of androgenetic alopecia in males? Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia · 2016 · 8 citations
    6. Association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and palmaris longus muscle agenesis according to gender: a radiological study Anatomy (International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy) · 2025
    7. Digit ratio 2D:4D is a possible indicator for androgenetic alopecia in males Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · 2017 · 4 citations
    8. No Evidence that 2D:4D is Related to the Number of CAG Repeats in the Androgen Receptor Gene Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2013 · 40 citations
    9. Akne Vulgaris Hastalarında İkinci Parmağın Dördüncü Parmağa Oranının (2D:4D) ve Otizm Puanlarının Sağlıklı Kontroller ile Karşılaştırılması AYBU AVESIS · 2020
    10. Second-to-fourth digit ratio and seborrheic dermatitis in males: a cross-sectional study* Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · 2019 · 5 citations
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