Basic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Implications for Endocrine Systems

The document discusses the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on various endocrine systems and metabolic conditions. The virus interacts with the ACE2 receptor on cells in the respiratory and digestive systems, but also affects endocrine organs, influencing disease progression and outcomes. The virus can alter the function of endocrine glands and metabolic processes, leading to acute or late-onset endocrine or metabolic dysfunction. Diabetes and obesity are significant risk factors for COVID-19 infection and severity. The virus requires two host proteins for entry: the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the TMPRSS2 protease. Other endocrine molecules, such as neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), have also been identified as potential viral targets. The roles of melatonin and oxytocin in potentially mitigating the effects of COVID-19 are discussed. The document concludes that virtually all endocrine organs and systems may be affected by SARS-CoV-2, and understanding these endocrine features is crucial for an adequate therapeutic approach.