Rodent Models in Placental Research: Implications for Fetal Origins of Adult Disease

Rodent models, including rats, mice, and guinea pigs, have been instrumental in understanding how adverse conditions in the womb can lead to diseases in adulthood. Studies using these models have investigated the effects of maternal undernutrition, obesity, hypoxia, and hyperandrogenism on placental function and the long-term health of offspring. These maternal conditions have been simulated through dietary changes, environmental oxygen alterations, surgical and pharmacological interventions, and hormone administrations. The research has shown that such conditions can alter placental morphology and function, including nutrient transport and hormone synthesis, and increase markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The offspring of these models often show changes in metabolic organs, leading to altered food intake and preferences, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and hormonal imbalances, which can result in fat accumulation, insulin resistance, fatty liver, dyslipidemia, and high glucose levels. This review highlights the link between maternal health, placental changes, and the risk of metabolic disorders in the offspring.