Modern Perspectives on the Pathophysiology of Alopecia Areata: Literature Review

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by sudden hair loss, with significant impacts on quality of life and a lack of universally effective treatments. This literature review explores the pathogenesis of AA, emphasizing the disruption of immune tolerance and the autoimmune attack on hair follicles. Genetic factors and gut microbiota are implicated in the disease's development, suggesting shared mechanisms with other autoimmune diseases. The review underscores the importance of further research to develop targeted therapies that restore immune tolerance and regulate gut microbiota, potentially leading to personalized treatments that improve patient outcomes and promote long-term remission.