Gold Nanocluster Assemblies: Assembly Strategies and Biomedical Applications

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are gaining attention for their photoluminescent, catalytic, and therapeutic properties, with assembly strategies enhancing these features and adding new functionalities like responsiveness and targeting. This review categorizes recent advancements in AuNC assembly methods, such as self-assembly and co-assembly, and explores their applications in biodetection, bioimaging, and therapeutic platforms. The review also addresses emerging directions in the in vivo assembly and disassembly of AuNCs, highlighting their potential to improve detection, imaging, and therapeutic capabilities. Future exploration of these strategies is expected to expand the role of AuNC assemblies in various fields.