Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a metabolite with low natural abundance, is produced through various bioconversion processes and exhibits significant biological activity, making it a focus in ginseng research. CK has pharmacological effects on osteogenesis, metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation, and shows therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders like NAFLD, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The review highlights CK's modulation of signaling pathways such as AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. CK analogues offer improved bioavailability and reduced toxicity. Further research on CK's bioavailability and toxicology is essential for its clinical application.