Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Ginsenoside Compound K (CK), derived from Korean ginseng, shows promise in treating metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. CK acts on key metabolic pathways, influencing PPARγ and AMPK, which are crucial in managing these disorders. Despite its potential, CK's development is hindered by limited data on its therapeutic use and documented cytotoxicity. Studies indicate CK is generally safe and well-tolerated, with mild adverse effects like diarrhea and stomachache. However, concerns about hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity remain, necessitating further research. CK is not abundant in natural ginseng, prompting the use of enzymatic and microbial biotransformation methods to enhance its production. The document emphasizes the potential of CK as a treatment and preventive measure for metabolic disorders, supported by various studies on animal models.