FOXN1: A Master Regulator Gene of Thymic Epithelial Development Program

The document reviewed the critical role of the Forkhead-box n1 (FOXN1) gene in the development of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and its implications for T cell development, thymic architecture, and the prevention of autoimmunity. FOXN1 is essential for TEC lineage specification and the transcription of genes that regulate TEC differentiation, which in turn supports T cell development. Mutations in FOXN1 result in the Nude/SCID phenotype, characterized by congenital alopecia, nail dystrophy, and severe T cell immunodeficiency. The review also discussed the importance of the thymus's 3D architecture for lympho-epithelial cross-talk, which is crucial for the differentiation of both thymocytes and TECs. Additionally, the document highlighted the potential of thymus transplantation as a promising treatment for athymic disorders, including FOXN1 deficiency, and emphasized the importance of thymic epithelial integrity for the development of mature and functional T cells.