Role Of Extracellular Vesicles As Mediators Of Cell Communication And Novel Biomarkers In Sepsis

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are crucial in cell communication and immune response modulation, particularly in sepsis. They carry bioactive molecules that influence gene expression and intracellular signaling, affecting immune cell behavior and promoting either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. sEVs serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, offering real-time insights into immune activation, inflammation, and pathogen presence. They contribute to coagulation processes and are implicated in conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and COVID-19-related coagulopathies. The document emphasizes the need for standardization in sEV isolation and characterization, integration with multi-omics for biomarker discovery, and clinical trials for validation. Addressing these challenges could enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of sEVs in sepsis management, improving early detection, guiding therapeutic decisions, and advancing personalized medicine.