Extracellular Vesicles in Osteogenesis: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential for Bone Regeneration

    August 2025 in “ Current Issues in Molecular Biology ”
    S B Biswas, Prakash Gangadaran, Chandrajeet Dhara, Shreya Ghosh, Soumya Deep Phadikar, Amit K. Chakraborty, Atharva Anand Mahajan, Ramkumar Mondal, D. Chattopadhyay, T. Banerjee, Anuvab Dey, Subhrojyoti Ghosh, Krishnan Anand, Byeong‐Cheol Ahn, Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
    TLDR Extracellular vesicles can help regenerate bones but need more research for safe clinical use.
    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are highlighted as promising tools for bone regeneration due to their role in intercellular communication and ability to carry bioactive molecules that promote osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. Derived from sources like mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, EVs enhance bone formation and healing, offering advantages over traditional therapies due to lower immunogenicity and greater stability. Despite their potential, challenges such as standardization, scalable production, and long-term safety need to be addressed for clinical application. Strategies like EV functionalization and integration into biomimetic scaffolds are being explored to optimize their therapeutic efficacy, positioning EVs as next-generation orthobiologics in skeletal medicine.
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