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Glossary Terminal Hair Follicles

structures producing thick, pigmented hair on scalp and body

Terminal hair follicles are the structures in the skin that produce terminal hair, which is the thick, pigmented hair found on the scalp, face, armpits, and pubic area. Unlike vellus hair, which is fine and light, terminal hair is coarser and darker, and its growth is influenced by hormonal changes, particularly androgens.

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Pattern Hair Loss: Assessment of Microinflammation in Miniaturized and Terminal Hair Follicles Through Horizontal Histologic Sections

research Pattern hair loss: Assessment of microinflammation in miniaturized and terminal hair follicles through horizontal histologic sections

11 citations , April 2020 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This commentary reviews the evidence for microinflammation's role in pattern hair loss and suggests that further studies with age- and sex-matched controls are needed to substantiate the findings.

Expression of the L-Fucose Moiety on Infrainfundibular Follicular Keratinocytes of Terminal Follicles, Its Decreased Expression on Vellus and Indeterminate Follicles of Androgenetic Alopecia, and Re-Expression in Drug-Induced Hair Regrowth

research Expression of the L-Fucose Moiety on Infrainfundibular Follicular Keratinocytes of Terminal Follicles, Its Decreased Expression on Vellus and Indeterminate Follicles of Androgenetic Alopecia, and Re-Expression in Drug-Induced Hair Regrowth

9 citations , January 1992 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found distinct differences in UEA I glycoprotein binding on follicular keratinocytes between anagen and telogen hair follicles, with staining associated with follicle length and regrowth.

research 561 Vellus-to-terminal hair follicle reconversion does occur in male pattern balding in a new humanized mouse model of androgenetic alopecia and is promoted by minoxidil and PRP

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that vellus to terminal hair follicle reconversion can occur in male pattern androgenetic alopecia using an in vivo model with minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma treatment.

Viable Terminal Scalp Hair Follicles Are Necessary and Sufficient for Clinical Efficacy of Finasteride in Male Pattern Hair Loss

research Viable terminal scalp hair follicles constitute a necessary and sufficient biological end‐organ that conditions clinical efficacy of finasteride in males with male pattern hair loss without implying reversal of miniaturized follicles

6 citations , June 2019 in “Skin Research and Technology”

In this study, finasteride treatment for two years did not significantly reverse miniaturized hair follicles in men with male pattern hair loss, challenging the "reversal hypothesis" as 79 out of 113 miniaturized hairs remained unchanged.

Characterization of Cell Cycle Arrest and Terminal Differentiation in a Maximally Proliferative Human Epithelial Tissue: Lessons from the Human Hair Follicle Matrix

research Characterisation of cell cycle arrest and terminal differentiation in a maximally proliferative human epithelial tissue: Lessons from the human hair follicle matrix

30 citations , April 2017 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

This study observed that CIP/KIP proteins play a significant role in regulating cell cycle arrest and differentiation in human hair follicles, supporting hair growth and formation in the anagen phase.

research Colocalization of Cystatin M/E and its Target Proteases Suggests a Role in Terminal Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle and Nail

22 citations , November 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study observed that cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 colocalize in the human hair bulb and nail matrix, suggesting their involvement in terminal differentiation within these epidermal appendages.

research Expression of MK6a dominant-negative and C-terminal mutant transgenes in mice has distinct phenotypic consequences in the epidermis and hair follicle

30 citations , October 1999 in “Differentiation”

This study found that expression of certain mutant keratin genes in mice led to severe alopecia, suggesting a similar mechanism could cause hair loss in humans.

Maintenance of Optimized Hair Growth from Viable Terminal Scalp Hair Follicles at Baseline with Oral Finasteride in Male Pattern Hair Loss and First Evidence of a Drug Dependency and a Post-Finasteride Rebound Effect

research Maintenance of optimised hair growth from viable terminal scalp hair follicles at baseline with oral finasteride in male pattern hair loss and first evidence of a “drug dependency” and a post-finasteride “rebound effect”.

4 citations , May 2019 in “Skin Research and Technology”

This study found that male pattern hair loss worsened significantly after stopping finasteride, revealing a "rebound effect" where terminal hair transformed into miniaturized hair over 30 months off the drug.

research 564 Vertex and Occipital Intermediate and Terminal Hair Follicles from Androgenetic Alopecia Patients are Differentially Affected by Testosterone Ex Vivo

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that testosterone impacts hair follicles from different scalp regions differently in male pattern androgenetic alopecia, challenging the belief that occipital scalp follicles are androgen-insensitive.

research 591 Chromatin architectural protein CTCF regulates terminal keratinocyte differentiation in the developing epidermis and hair follicles

April 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that CTCF is crucial for proper skin and hair follicle development in mice, affecting keratinocyte differentiation and gene expression in keratin loci.

research Penetration Profile of Microspheres in Follicular Targeting of Terminal Hair Follicles

316 citations , June 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that using a standardized protocol with microspheres of approximately 1.5 micrometers enhances penetration into hair follicles, particularly when skin is treated with cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping.

Vellus-To-Terminal Hair Follicle Reconversion Occurs In Male Pattern Balding And Is Promoted By Minoxidil And Platelet-Rich Plasma: In Vivo Evidence From A New Humanized Mouse Model Of Androgenetic Alopecia

research Vellus-to-terminal Hair Follicle Reconversion Occurs in Male Pattern Balding and is Promoted by Minoxidil and Platelet-rich Plasma: In Vivo Evidence from a New Humanized Mouse Model of Androgenetic Alopecia

October 2023 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

Minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma can help turn thin hair into thicker hair in male pattern baldness.

research ESDR564 – Vertex and Occipital Intermediate and Terminal Hair Follicles from Androgenetic Alopecia Patients are Differentially Affected by Testosterone Ex Vivo

September 2022

This study found that testosterone impacts hair follicles from both affected and occipital regions in male pattern androgenetic alopecia, but with different androgen response-profiles, challenging the belief that occipital regions are androgen-insensitive.

research Human hair follicle: reservoir function and selective targeting

97 citations , September 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

The human hair follicle can store topical compounds and be targeted for drug delivery with minimal side effects.

research Intermediate hair follicles: a new more clinically relevant model for hair growth investigations

30 citations , May 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that intermediate hair follicles are morphologically distinct from terminal follicles and offer a novel model for developing new alopecia therapies despite being technically more challenging to study.

research Culture of the human pilosebaceous unit, hair follicle and sebaceous gland

30 citations , April 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This review discusses the historical development and current challenges in in vitro hair follicle culture, highlighting a need for advanced models using cell lines and tissue engineering, and reports no new results.

Quantification of Hair Follicle Parameters Using Computer Image Analysis: A Comparison of Androgenetic Alopecia with Normal Scalp Biopsies

research Quantification of hair follicle parameters using computer image analysis: A comparison of androgenetic alopecia with normal scalp biopsies

13 citations , August 1995 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that hair canal and follicle diameters, outer root sheath area, and terminal-to-vellus hair ratios were significantly reduced in androgenetic alopecia patients compared to normal controls.

research Histology of the Human Hair Follicle

9 citations , June 2008 in “Springer eBooks”

Understanding hair follicle structure is key for treating hair disorders and could help develop new treatments.

research Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa/Dissecting Terminal Hair Folliculitis

1 citations , January 2019 in “Springer eBooks”

Hidradenitis Suppurativa is a chronic skin condition best treated early with surgery for better outcomes and less recurrence.

research A clinical trial of treating androgenic alopecia with mesenchymal stem cell suspension derived from autologous hair follicle

June 2023 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

In this study, autologous hair follicle mesenchymal stem cell therapy was effective in promoting hair growth in Chinese patients with advanced androgenic alopecia, particularly improving hair shaft diameter in follicles less than 60 µm without obvious side effects.

research Intermediate Hair Follicles from Patients with Female Pattern Hair Loss Are Associated with Nutrient Insufficiency and a Quiescent Metabolic Phenotype

August 2022 in “Nutrients”

This ex vivo study found that hair follicles in female pattern hair loss exhibited nutrient insufficiency and dormant metabolism, but maintained nutrient uptake capability, suggesting potential benefits of nutritional supplementation as an adjunct therapy.

research Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicles and Other Human Skin Appendages

71 citations , June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study demonstrates that PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in hair follicle differentiation, while PAD1 and PAD2 may play a role in the physiology of sweat glands and arrector pili muscles.

research Pattern of expression of c-Myc, Max and Bin1 in human anagen hair follicles

11 citations , June 2001 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that asynchronous differentiation in human anagen hair follicles involves specific localization of c-Myc and interrelated genes Max and Bin1 along the inner root sheath.

research Hormonal Effects on Hair Follicles

102 citations , July 2020 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This review discusses the effects of hormonal changes on hair follicles, concluding that hormones like androgens and estradiol significantly influence hair growth and cycle, while the roles of other hormones are still being researched.

research Determination of the cuticula thickness of human and porcine hairs and their potential influence on the penetration of nanoparticles into the hair follicles

95 citations , January 2009 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics”

This study observed that particles sized 300-600 nm penetrate hair follicles more efficiently, likely due to alignment with the thickness of the human hair cuticula.

research Regeneration of Hair Follicles Is Modulated by Flightless I (Flii) in a Rodent Vibrissa Model

17 citations , December 2010 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that higher levels of the protein Flii were associated with enhanced hair follicle regeneration and longer hair fibers in a mouse model.

research Hair regrowth in male and female pattern hair loss does not involve the conversion of vellus hair to terminal hair

14 citations , January 2016 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This analysis concluded that hair regrowth in male and female pattern hair loss treatments did not involve converting vellus hairs into terminal hairs, suggesting a reactivation of dormant non-vellus follicles instead.

Hair Follicle Changes Following Intense Pulsed Light Axillary Hair Reduction: Histometrical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Evaluation

research Hair follicle changes following intense pulsed light axillary hair reduction: histometrical, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation

8 citations , February 2017 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This study found that IPL hair reduction led to significant decreases in hair count and thickness by promoting hair follicle miniaturization, increased telogen phase, and reduced cell proliferation.

research Hair Follicle Miniaturization in a Woolly Hair Nevus

6 citations , February 2016 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology”

This case study reports on an 11-year-old boy with woolly hair nevus, featuring twisted hair shafts and an abnormal hair cuticle, alongside epidermal nevi on his face and back.

research An unusual terminal hair growth on the nose tip associated with gefitinib therapy

4 citations , March 2007 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This case report observed that terminal hair growth on the nose tip was associated with gefitinib treatment in a 65-year-old woman with lung adenocarcinoma.