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GlossaryTerminal Differentiation

cell's final development into a specialized, non-dividing state

Terminal differentiation is the process by which a cell undergoes its final stage of development, becoming a specialized cell type with a specific function, such as a skin cell or a neuron. Once a cell has terminally differentiated, it typically loses the ability to divide and produce new cells, focusing instead on performing its specialized role. This process is crucial for the proper functioning of tissues and organs in the body.

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Hair Growth Induction by the Tellurium Immunomodulator AS101: Association with Delayed Terminal Differentiation of Follicular Keratinocytes and Ras-Dependent Up-Regulation of KGF Expression

research Hair Growth Induction by the Tellurium Immunomodulator AS101: Association with Delayed Terminal Differentiation of Follicular Keratinocytes and Ras-Dependent Up-Regulation of KGF Expression

51 citations, December 2003 in “The FASEB Journal”

The substance AS101 can help hair grow by slowing down hair cell aging and boosting a hair growth protein.

research Localization of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 2 in Hair and Nail: Implications for Terminal Differentiation

42 citations, June 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

PAI-2 helps in the maturation and protection of hair and nail cells.

Characterization of Cell Cycle Arrest and Terminal Differentiation in a Maximally Proliferative Human Epithelial Tissue: Lessons from the Human Hair Follicle Matrix

research Characterization of Cell Cycle Arrest and Terminal Differentiation in a Maximally Proliferative Human Epithelial Tissue: Lessons from the Human Hair Follicle Matrix

30 citations, April 2017 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

CIP/KIP proteins help stop cell division and support hair growth.

research A Function for Rac1 in the Terminal Differentiation and Pigmentation of Hair

11 citations, January 2012 in “Journal of cell science”

Rac1 is essential for proper hair structure and color.

research Colocalization of Cystatin M/E and Its Target Proteases Suggests a Role in Terminal Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle and Nail

22 citations, November 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Cystatin M/E helps in the final stages of hair and nail formation by controlling certain enzymes.

research FOXN1 Is Critical for Onycholemmal Terminal Differentiation in Nude (Foxn1nu) Mice

58 citations, November 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The Foxn1 gene is essential for normal nail and hair development.

research Characterization of Mouse Profilaggrin: Evidence for Nuclear Engulfment and Translocation of the Profilaggrin B-Domain During Epidermal Differentiation

25 citations, October 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Mouse profilaggrin helps in skin cell differentiation and may be involved in calcium signaling.

research Foxn1 Promotes Keratinocyte Differentiation by Regulating the Activity of Protein Kinase C

26 citations, May 2007 in “Differentiation”

Foxn1 helps skin cells mature by controlling a specific protein's activity.

Deciphering a Message from the Nucleus: How Transcription Factors and Spatial Chromatin Interactions Orchestrate Epidermal Differentiation

research Deciphering a Message from the Nucleus: How Transcription Factors and Spatial Chromatin Interactions Orchestrate Epidermal Differentiation

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Key skin cell regulators and gene organization changes are crucial for skin cell development and could help treat skin disorders.

research Epidermal Notch Signaling: Differentiation, Cancer, and Adhesion

253 citations, April 2008 in “Current opinion in cell biology”

Notch signalling helps skin cells differentiate and prevents tumors.

research Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Is a Marker for Dysregulated Keratinocyte Differentiation in Human Skin

96 citations, December 2002 in “Experimental dermatology”

NGAL indicates abnormal skin cell differentiation.

research Expression of the Orphan Protein Plet-1 During Trichilemmal Differentiation of Anagen Hair Follicles

30 citations, February 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Plet-1 protein helps hair follicle cells move and stick to tissues.

Ectopic Expression of the Nude Gene Induces Hyperproliferation and Defects in Differentiation: Implications for the Self-Renewal of Cutaneous Epithelia

research Ectopic Expression of the Nude Gene Induces Hyperproliferation and Defects in Differentiation: Implications for the Self-Renewal of Cutaneous Epithelia

69 citations, August 1999 in “Developmental biology”

The nude gene causes skin cell overgrowth and improper development, leading to hair and urinary issues.

research The Nude Mutant Gene Foxn1 Is a HOXC13 Regulatory Target During Hair Follicle and Nail Differentiation

68 citations, December 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

HOXC13 is essential for hair and nail development by regulating Foxn1.

research Apoptosis in Human Skin Development: Morphogenesis, Periderm, and Stem Cells

253 citations, March 1994 in “Developmental dynamics”

Apoptosis is essential for human skin development and forming a functional epidermis.

research Epithelial Skin Biology: Stem Cells and Epidermal Homeostasis

118 citations, January 2016 in “Current Topics in Developmental Biology”

The document concludes that while significant progress has been made in understanding skin biology and stem cells, more research is needed to fully understand their interactions with their environment.

research In Vitro Assembly and Structure of Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filaments

91 citations, December 2000 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Scientists successfully created mouse hair proteins in the lab, which are stable and similar to natural hair.

research A Novel Epithelial Keratin, hK6irs1, Is Expressed Differentially in All Layers of the Inner Root Sheath, Including Specialized Huxley Cells of the Human Hair Follicle

86 citations, May 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

A new keratin, hK6irs1, is found in all layers of the hair follicle's inner root sheath.

research Gene Expression of Mouse S100A3, a Cysteine-Rich Calcium-Binding Protein, in Developing Hair Follicle

40 citations, November 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

S100A3 protein is crucial for hair shaft formation in mice.

research Two Mechanisms Regulate Keratin K15 Expression in Keratinocytes: Role of PKC/AP-1 and FOXM1 Mediated Signaling

35 citations, June 2012 in “PloS one”

Keratin 15 expression in skin cells is regulated by two mechanisms involving PKC/AP-1 and FOXM1.

research Non-Invasive Human Skin Transcriptome Analysis Using mRNA in Skin Surface Lipids

2 citations, April 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

The conclusion is that analyzing RNA from skin oils is a promising way to understand skin diseases.

research Regulation of Epidermal Proliferation and Hair Follicle Cycling by Synthetic Photostable Retinoid EC23

January 2023 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

The synthetic retinoid EC23 thickens skin and promotes hair growth more effectively and with a lower dose than natural retinoids.

research AP-2α/AP-2β Transcription Factors Are Key Regulators of Epidermal Homeostasis

December 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

AP-2α and AP-2β proteins are essential for healthy adult skin and hair.

research Coactivator MED1 Ablation in Keratinocytes Results in Hair-Cycling Defects and Epidermal Alterations

41 citations, April 2012 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Deleting MED1 in skin cells causes hair loss and skin changes.

research Epidermal Keratinocyte Stem Cells: Their Maintenance and Regulation

25 citations, December 1992 in “Seminars in cell biology”

Skin stem cells are maintained by signals from nearby cells and vary in their ability to renew and mature.

All Roads Lead to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling, Transcription Factor-Mediated, and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

research All Roads Lead to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling, Transcription Factor-Mediated, and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

January 2018 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine”

The nucleus is key in controlling skin growth and repair by coordinating signals, gene regulators, and epigenetic changes.

Chromatin Architectural Protein CTCF Controls Epidermal Barrier Formation, Hair Follicle Fate Maintenance, and Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in the Skin Epithelium

research Chromatin Architectural Protein CTCF Controls Epidermal Barrier Formation, Hair Follicle Fate Maintenance, and Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in the Skin Epithelium

April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The protein CTCF is essential for skin development, maintaining hair follicles, and preventing inflammation.

research Vitamin D and the Epidermis

September 2005 in “CRC Press eBooks”

Vitamin D is important for skin cell growth and health, and its active form and receptor play key roles in skin and hair processes.

Cyclosporin A-Induced Hair Growth in Mice Is Associated with Inhibition of Calcineurin-Dependent Activation of NFAT in Follicular Keratinocytes

research Cyclosporin A-Induced Hair Growth in Mice Is Associated with Inhibition of Calcineurin-Dependent Activation of NFAT in Follicular Keratinocytes

57 citations, June 2003 in “American Journal of Physiology-cell Physiology”

Cyclosporin A helps mice grow hair by blocking a specific protein activity in skin cells.

research Early and Late Matrix Progenitors Form the Terminally Differentiated Cell Layers of the Hair Follicle

April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Early and late matrix progenitors in hair follicles create different cell layers, with early ones forming the companion layer and later ones forming the inner root sheath and hair shaft.