62 citations
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December 2007 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry” This study found that enzymatic conversion of Arg-51 in S100A3 protein to citrulline promotes homotetramer assembly, potentially increasing Ca²⁺ binding required for hair cuticular barrier formation.
50 citations
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September 2023 in “Biomarker Research” This review focuses on S100A6, a Ca²⁺-binding protein, detailing its role in cell functions, the regulation of its expression, and its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target in various diseases.
40 citations
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April 1999 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry” In this study, the researchers identified the specific subcellular localization of the protein S100A3 in the endocuticle and cortex of human hair shafts.
40 citations
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November 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study found that the S100A3 gene is exclusively expressed in hair follicle cells differentiating into hair shaft components in mice, suggesting its important role in hair formation.
22 citations
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September 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” S100A8 and S100A9 proteins help form hair shafts during growth.
17 citations
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December 2002 in “Biochemical and biophysical research communications” This study reports on the biochemical characteristics of S100A3 protein in human hair cuticle, notably finding its N-terminal methionine is acetylated and has a slightly lower isoelectric point compared to the recombinant version.
4 citations
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January 2017 in “Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin” This study found that inhibiting arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) may enhance hair cuticle maturation by increasing S100A3 protein citrullination and promoting cuticular differentiation in isolated human hair follicles.
1 citations
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January 2015 in “Genetics and Molecular Research” This study demonstrated that blocking S100A3 in mice inhibited hair growth by delaying the anagen phase and reducing the number of hair follicles, suggesting S100A3 as a potential target for hair loss treatments.
45 citations
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July 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study reported significant upregulation and release of S100A4 in psoriatic skin, which may actively contribute to psoriasis pathogenesis.
32 citations
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August 2020 in “American Journal Of Pathology” This study reports that in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma, overexpressed S100A4 likely promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties, affecting tumor behavior through its interaction with NMIIA and mutant p53.
21 citations
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January 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This review discusses the role and interactions of the calcium-binding protein S100A6 in cellular processes and its association with various diseases, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand its biological impact.
21 citations
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April 2016 in “International Journal of Oncology” This study found that treatment with the GnRH agonist Triptorelin significantly decreased invasion and expression of S100A4 and CYR61 in certain breast cancer cells, suggesting a potential role in slowing cancer progression.
9 citations
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July 2014 in “PubMed” This study found distinct localization patterns of S100 family proteins in hair follicles, suggesting their differential roles in normal hair follicle physiology.
2 citations
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February 2025 in “Free Radical Biology and Medicine” In a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced alopecia, this study found that inhibiting the protein S100A8 with paquinimod alleviated hair loss and reduced oxidative stress and ferroptosis, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for managing this side effect in chemotherapy patients.
2 citations
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January 2024 in “Advances in Dermatology and Allergology” This study suggests a potential role for S100A7 and IL-17 in the pathogenesis of lichen planopilaris.
This study used a mouse model to reveal that S100A4-positive cells, specifically fibroblasts and immune cells, play a crucial role in nipple development, essential for successful lactation, despite no issues with mammary morphology or milk production.
January 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” In this study, researchers identified S100a4 as a critical regulator of secondary hair follicle stem cells in cashmere goats, linking its expression to follicle regeneration and differentiation pathways, which may have implications for enhancing cashmere fiber production.
January 2025 in “Clinical and Translational Medicine” This research found that exosome-derived long non-coding RNA AC010789.1, modified by FTO and hnRNPA2B1, enhanced human hair follicle stem cell proliferation against androgenic alopecia through the activation of S100A8/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
September 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study found that in hidradenitis suppurativa, the proteins SERPINB3/B4 and S100A7/A8/A9 were significantly overexpressed in lesional skin compared to nonlesional skin, suggesting new pathways in the disease's pathogenesis.
9 citations
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April 2022 in “Cell Communication and Signaling” This study found that the S100A4/NMIIA axis contributes to glioblastoma progression by recruiting and promoting migration of GBM cells along blood vessels, correlating with worse patient outcomes.
December 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)” In this study, high expression of S100A4 in glioblastoma was associated with worse patient survival and promoted tumor progression by enhancing pro-tumorigenic vascular functions.
72 citations
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June 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study suggests that S100A4 and S100A6 proteins may play key roles in activating stem cells for hair follicle regeneration in mice.
49 citations
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November 2013 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” This study found that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3/VDR inhibits β-catenin's role in keratinocyte proliferation but enhances its role in hair follicle differentiation.
3 citations
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May 2023 in “Precision clinical medicine” This study analyzed gene expression data to identify key genes involved in severe forms of alopecia areata, discovering four immune monitoring genes (LGR5, SHISA2, HOXC13, S100A3) with potential for early diagnosis and better understanding of the disease's biological mechanisms.
August 2026 in “Journal of Molecular Histology” Targeting S100 proteins may help treat hair loss.
November 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study identified nine pathogenic variants in the PADI3 gene and variants in the S100A3 and TCHH genes in patients with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, suggesting a broader genetic basis for the disease and potential targets for genetic testing and therapies.
November 2025 in “PubMed” This study identified nine pathogenic variants in the PADI3 gene, and variants in the S100A3 and TCHH genes, which may disrupt protein function and contribute to central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia.
January 2025 in “BMC Genomics” In this study, researchers identified thousands of mRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, and miRNA transcripts involved in different hair follicle stages of Rex rabbits and highlighted significant gene expression changes and pathway enrichments, providing insights into the regulatory mechanisms of hair development in these animals.
November 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Genetic changes in specific proteins contribute to hair loss in some women of African descent.
March 2026 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Genetic factors, especially PADI3 gene variants, contribute to CCCA in women of African descent.