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Glossary L-Proline

amino acid crucial for collagen formation and tissue repair

L-Proline is an amino acid that plays a crucial role in the formation of collagen, which is essential for maintaining the structure and strength of connective tissues, including skin, hair, and nails. It is unique among amino acids because it helps stabilize the structure of proteins, making it important for wound healing and tissue repair.

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research Proline-rich protein-like PRPL1 controls elongation of root hairs in Arabidopsis thaliana

37 citations , August 2014 in “Journal of experimental botany”

This study identified the AtPRPL1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana as being involved in cell elongation processes, despite unclear changes in cell wall composition from its altered expression.

Cell Wall-Associated Root Hair Specific 10, a Proline-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase, Is a Negative Modulator of Arabidopsis Root Hair Growth

research Cell wall-associated ROOT HAIR SPECIFIC 10, a proline-rich receptor-like kinase, is a negative modulator of Arabidopsis root hair growth

33 citations , February 2016 in “Journal of Experimental Botany”

This study found that the receptor kinase RHS10 negatively regulates root hair growth in Arabidopsis thaliana by modulating growth duration and is associated with cell wall signal mediation, involving RNA catabolism and ROS accumulation.

research Maintenance of high proliferation and multipotent potential of human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells by growth factors

56 citations , February 2013 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine”

This study found that human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells maintained their proliferation and differentiation potential when cultured with acidic fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or epidermal growth factor.

Proliferation, But Not Apoptosis, Is Associated With Distinct Beta-Catenin Expression Patterns in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinomas

research Proliferation, but Not Apoptosis, Is Associated with Distinct β-Catenin Expression Patterns in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinomas

42 citations , November 2002 in “The American journal of pathology”

This study observed that nuclear β-catenin expression in non-small-cell lung carcinomas correlates with increased proliferation and loss of key cell-cycle checkpoints, suggesting an oncogenic advantage.

research Proliferation and Differentiation of Cultured Human Keratinocytes is Modulated by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ and Synthetic Vitamin D₃ Analogues in a Cell Density‐, Calcium‐ and Serum‐Dependent Manner*

39 citations , January 1997 in “Pharmacology & toxicology”

This study found that human keratinocytes' sensitivity and response to vitamin D3 analogues vary based on cell density, serum availability, and calcium concentration.

research Biphasic Effects of Minoxidil on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Normal Human Keratinocytes

34 citations , April 2009 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

This study found that Minoxidil had biphasic effects on normal human keratinocytes, stimulating proliferation at micromolar doses, but showing antiproliferative, pro-differentiative, and cytotoxic effects at millimolar concentrations.

research Proliferation and differentiation of organoid hair follicle cells co-cultured with fat cells in collagen gel matrix culture

30 citations , July 1998 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that in a rat skin model, fat cells inhibited the proliferation of organoid hair follicle cells and fibroblasts but may have accelerated hair follicle cell differentiation.

research Apoptotic cells represent a dynamic stem cell niche governing proliferation and tissue regeneration

25 citations , June 2021 in “Developmental Cell”

In this study, researchers found that deleting Caspase-9 in hair follicle stem cells delayed apoptosis, leading to accelerated wound repair and new hair follicle regeneration by maintaining apoptotic cells as signaling centers.

research VEGF upregulates VEGF receptor-2 on human outer root sheath cells and stimulates proliferation through ERK pathway

23 citations , June 2012 in “Molecular Biology Reports”

This study found that human outer root sheath cells express VEGF receptor-2, and exogenous VEGF165 significantly stimulates their proliferation through activation of the ERK signaling pathway.

research Proliferation, DNA repair and apoptosis in androgenetic alopecia

19 citations , August 2008 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

In this study, researchers observed that in advanced androgenetic alopecia, increased DNA damage in the frontal bald area may lead to cell apoptosis due to impaired repair capacity.

research Imaging sonographic findings of in a case of proliferating trichilemmal tumor of a finger: A case report

16 citations , May 2017 in “Journal of Clinical Ultrasound”

This report describes the sonographic characteristics of a proliferating trichilemmal tumor in the subungual region, identifying it as a heterogeneous mass with echogenic foci, potentially representing keratin and cholesterol.

Oral Administration of Low-Dose Bisphenol A Promotes Proliferation of Ventral Prostate and Upregulates Prostaglandin D2 Synthase Expression in Adult Rats

research Oral administration of low-dose bisphenol A promotes proliferation of ventral prostate and upregulates prostaglandin D₂ synthase expression in adult rats

14 citations , June 2015 in “Toxicology and Industrial Health”

This study found that low doses of bisphenol A may increase proliferation of the ventral prostate in adult rats by altering the estrogen to androgen ratio and gene expression.

research Hominis Placenta facilitates hair re-growth by upregulating cellular proliferation and expression of fibroblast growth factor-7

13 citations , July 2016 in “BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine”

In this study, topical application of Hominis Placenta significantly promoted hair regrowth and increased hair density in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting its potential as a treatment for alopecia.

Megestrol Acetate Increases the Proliferation, Migration, and Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells via Glucocorticoid Receptor

research Megestrol Acetate Increases the Proliferation, Migration, and Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells via Glucocorticoid Receptor

11 citations , May 2015 in “Stem Cells Translational Medicine”

This study found that megestrol acetate increases the proliferation, migration, and adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells through glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation.

research Huge Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumors of the Scalp: Report of Six Cases

8 citations , June 2010 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery”

This study found that complete surgical resection and multidisciplinary management were crucial for treating proliferating trichilemmal tumors, though malignant cases showed recurrence and mortality risks.

research Apoptosis coordinates with proliferation and differentiation during human hair follicle morphogenesis

7 citations , March 2005 in “Journal of dermatological science”

This study found that apoptosis, along with proliferation, plays a crucial role in shaping and extending human hair follicles by coordinating the formation and differentiation of the hair canal.

research Scalp Reconstruction after Resection of a Large Recurred Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor Using an Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap

6 citations , July 2013 in “Archives of Plastic Surgery”

This article explains that proliferating trichilemmal tumors, originating in the hair follicle, can exhibit low-grade malignant potential, and recommends wide excision to minimize recurrence risk, but reports no new clinical findings.

research The Effect of EGR1 on the Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells

5 citations , July 2022 in “Genes”

This study found that EGR1 promotes the proliferation of dermal papilla cells, suggesting its close association with hair follicle growth and development.

research lncRNA2919 Suppresses Rabbit Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation via trans-Regulatory Actions

4 citations , August 2022 in “Cells”

This study found that the lncRNA lncRNA2919 is involved in hair follicle regeneration by downregulating growth-related genes, inhibiting cell proliferation, and promoting apoptosis in rabbit dermal papilla cells.

research ELL Facilitates RNA Polymerase II–Mediated Transcription of Human Epidermal Proliferation Genes

4 citations , May 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study reported that ELL is crucial for maintaining the proliferative capacity of the basal layer in human epidermal keratinocytes by stabilizing RNA polymerase II at the transcription start site.

research Proliferation and differentiation of cultured human follicular keratinocytes are not influenced by biotin

4 citations , December 1995 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

research FGF20 Secreted From Dermal Papilla Cells Regulate the Proliferation and Differentiation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Fine‐Wool Sheep

3 citations , December 2024 in “Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition”

In this study, researchers found that reducing FGF20 expression in dermal papilla cells of fine-wool sheep impedes the growth and differentiation of hair follicle stem cells, providing insights into wool trait improvement and regenerative medicine applications.

research Proliferating trichilemmal cyst with histological malignant transformation: Identification of hair sheath keratins in the tumor.

3 citations , January 1989 in “The Nishinihon Journal of Dermatology”

This case report describes a proliferating trichilemmal cyst that underwent malignant transformation, with specific keratins identified in the tumor but no epidermal keratin detected.

research A malignant proliferating trichilemmal cyst arising on the elbow of a man: A case report and review of the literature

2 citations , June 2023 in “Medicine”

This case report describes the occurrence of a very rare disease, MTPC, in the elbow of a man who does not match the typical etiology, highlighting its academic significance.

research LncRNA RP11-818O24.3 regulates proliferation and differentiation of hair follicle stem cells by targeting FGF2/PI3K/AKT pathway

1 citations , October 2025 in “PLoS ONE”

In this study, researchers found that overexpression of LncRNA RP11-818O24.3 in hair follicle stem cells promotes their proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation while inhibiting apoptosis through the FGF2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for hair loss treatment.

research SOX18 Promotes the Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

1 citations , November 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study observed that SOX18 promotes the proliferation of dermal papilla cells in Hu sheep by activating the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway, suggesting its key role in wool growth.

research miR-27a Targeting PIK3R3 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Sheep Hair Follicle Stem Cells

1 citations , December 2022 in “Animals”

This study found that miR-27a may influence sheep hair follicle stem cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting PIK3R3, affecting the AKT/MTOR pathway.

research Effect and mechanism of Docosahexaenoic acid on the proliferation of dermal papilla cells

1 citations , December 2019 in “Journal of medicine and life science”

This article discusses the role of dermal papilla and dermal sheath cells in the hair cycle and reviews finasteride and minoxidil's mechanisms in promoting hair growth, but presents no new clinical findings.

research Nerve growth factor regulates the proliferation of cashmere goat outer root sheath cells through the activation of cAMP-binding protein

1 citations , July 2019 in “Small ruminant research”

This study suggests that the NGF/TrkA/CREB system plays a crucial role in promoting outer root sheath cell proliferation in cashmere goats, which may aid in marker-assisted breeding.

research Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor Presenting as a Scrotal Mass in a Middle-Aged Male: An Uncommon Location

1 citations , February 2017 in “Clinical Dermatology Open Access Journal”

This case report describes a middle-aged man with a growing scrotal mass, diagnosed as a benign proliferating trichilemmal tumor, which can mimic squamous cell carcinoma, highlighting the importance of correct diagnosis.