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Testosterone is made by Leydig cells, is active when not bound to proteins, and works by binding to receptors in muscles and other tissues.

The document concludes that hirsutism is the main sign for diagnosing hyperandrogenism, which requires a detailed patient history and physical exam.

Increased free testosterone can lead to stronger bones and less body fat but also higher risks of prostate cancer, hair loss, spine issues, and high blood pressure.

Higher testosterone levels can increase the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes in women and prostate cancer in men, but can also protect against autoimmune diseases and hair loss. It also affects body fat and bone density.

Long-term high testosterone levels can improve bone density and reduce body fat but may increase the risk of prostate cancer and high blood pressure.

Advancements in male reproductive medicine are ongoing, but more research and improved treatments are needed in several areas.

Targeting glucocorticoid action might help treat type-2 diabetes, but human trials are needed.

Androgens can both promote and prevent hair growth due to differences in gene expression in hair follicles.

Antiandrogens and androgen inhibitors like spironolactone, finasteride, and dutasteride can treat hair loss and skin conditions, but they have risks and side effects, including potential harm to pregnant women and risks of cancer and heart issues. Herbal remedies also have antiandrogenic effects but lack safety validation.

The document explains various skin conditions and their treatments.

Most women with excess hair growth have an underlying hormonal issue, often treated with medication and hair removal methods.

Increased HSD11B1 enzyme expression is linked to higher body fat and insulin resistance.

Hirsutism in women often indicates a hormonal imbalance and can be managed with a combination of hormonal treatments and hair removal methods.

Iron deficiency might contribute to hair loss in women.

Eating barley for life may lead to healthier aging in mice.

Androgens increase muscle mass by promoting myoblast growth through ornithine decarboxylase.

The chapter explains the causes of excessive hair growth and masculinization in women and how to measure hormone levels related to these conditions.

Aging skin shows thinner layers, fewer hair follicles, and new biomarkers like increased space between cells and smaller sebaceous glands.

Brain hormones significantly affect hair color and could potentially be used to prevent or reverse grey hair.

Muscles can make their own androgens, which may help muscle growth.

Correct diagnosis and treatment are crucial for effective management of lipid storage myopathies.

Zinc can help with some skin problems, but its effectiveness varies depending on the condition.

Zinc can be a helpful secondary treatment for certain skin conditions, but more research is needed to guide its use.

RANK is a key target in breast cancer treatment due to its role in tumor growth and bone metastasis.

New drugs for heart disease may be developed from molecules secreted by stem cells.

Finasteride can have lasting negative effects on brain function and behavior by disrupting neurosteroid production.

Melatonin, the sleep hormone, can help treat skin conditions like dermatitis, hyperpigmentation, and scalp disorders, and may also aid in skin aging prevention and regeneration. However, it's not recommended for asthma due to its pro-inflammatory effect.

Many popular skincare products claim to prevent aging but lack strong evidence to prove their effectiveness and safety.

HSPGs help control stem cell behavior, affecting hair growth and offering a target for hair loss treatments.

The study concluded that the new wound model can be used to evaluate skin regeneration and nerve growth.