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Glossary MAPK pathway

crucial cell signaling mechanism regulating growth, division, and stress response

The MAPK pathway, or Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase pathway, is a crucial signaling mechanism in cells that helps regulate various activities such as growth, division, and response to stress. It involves a series of proteins that communicate signals from the cell surface to the DNA in the nucleus, ultimately influencing gene expression and cellular behavior. This pathway is significant in many biological processes and is often studied in the context of diseases like cancer and conditions affecting hair growth, such as alopecia.

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research Quercitrin Stimulates Hair Growth with Enhanced Expression of Growth Factors via Activation of MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathway

25 citations , September 2020 in “Molecules”

In this study, quercitrin was reported to promote hair growth and cell viability in cultured human dermal papilla cells by enhancing cellular energy metabolism and growth factor production via MAPK/CREB signaling.

research Sinapic Acid Promotes Browning of 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes via p38 MAPK/CREB Pathway

29 citations , January 2020 in “BioMed Research International”

This study found that sinapic acid promotes the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and may offer therapeutic potential for obesity by influencing mitochondrial biogenesis through the p38 MAPK/CREB signaling pathway.

research Drug Repurposing of Voglibose, a Diabetes Medication for Skin Health

4 citations , February 2025 in “Pharmaceuticals”

In this study, voglibose, commonly used for diabetes management, was found to reduce melanin synthesis and inhibit melanogenic signaling pathways in B16F10 melanoma cells, suggesting it could be repurposed for treating hyperpigmentation disorders with confirmed topical safety in human tests.

research Network Pharmacology Reveals Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Regulates MAPK and HIF-1 Pathways to Treat Androgenetic Alopecia

July 2024 in “Biology”

This study investigated the potential mechanisms of Curcuma aeruginosa in treating androgenetic alopecia and identified 66 bioactive compounds interacting with proteins involved in the disorder, suggesting its involvement in hormone response and specific signaling pathways.

research PAK4 signaling in health and disease: defining the PAK4–CREB axis

81 citations , February 2019 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

This review examines PAK4 signaling pathways in prostate cancer, Parkinson's disease, and melanogenesis, focusing on the potential role of the PAK4-CREB axis, without reporting new clinical results.

research Single-cell profiling reveals a potent role of quercetin in promoting hair regeneration

10 citations , November 2022 in “Protein & Cell”

In this study, topical quercetin was found to stimulate hair follicle growth and promote microvascular regrowth in mice, suggesting its potential for hair regrowth strategies.

Novel circRNAs From Cashmere Goats: Discovery, Integrated Regulatory Network, and Their Putative Roles in the Regeneration and Growth of Secondary Hair Follicles

research Novel circRNAs from cashmere goats: Discovery, integrated regulatory network, and their putative roles in the regeneration and growth of secondary hair follicles

7 citations , June 2022 in “Czech Journal of Animal Science”

This study identified 21 novel circular RNAs in cashmere goats, with nine significantly more expressed during the anagen phase of hair follicle growth, suggesting roles in hair regeneration and cashmere yield enhancement.

Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Key Genes Associated With Hair Follicle Development in Qianhua Mutton Merino

research Transcriptome sequencing reveals the key genes associated with hair follicle development in Qianhua Mutton Merino

December 2025 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science”

In this study, researchers explored hair follicle development in Qianhua Mutton Merino sheep, identifying key genes like KRT27 and IGF-2 that impact this process, with findings suggesting significant molecular changes as sheep mature from newborn to one year old.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) Salmon as an Anti-Aging Agent

research Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) salmon sebagai agen anti penuaan

February 2025 in “Intisari Sains Medis”

This article explores the potential mechanisms by which polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) could improve skin quality, slow aging, and enhance skin regeneration, but reports no new clinical findings.

Molecular Pathology of Skin Adnexal Tumors

research Molecular pathology of skin adnexal tumours

16 citations , July 2021 in “Histopathology”

This review discusses recent findings on molecular changes in cutaneous adnexal tumours and reports novel markers and pathways involved, highlighting the diverse oncogenic drivers and tumour suppressor alterations.

research Dynamic interplay between IL-1 and WNT pathways in regulating dermal adipocyte lineage cells during skin development and wound regeneration

44 citations , June 2023 in “Cell Reports”

This study investigated dermal fibroblasts in mouse skin using single-cell RNA sequencing and identified signaling pathways that influence adipogenesis, finding that IL-1-NF-κB promotes, while WNT-β-catenin inhibits, the adipogenic potential of these cells, with implications for wound healing and scar formation.

research Tribuloside acts on the PDE/cAMP/PKA pathway to enhance melanogenesis, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transport

December 2023 in “Journal of ethnopharmacology”

This study found that tribuloside, a flavonoid from Tribulus terrestris L., enhances melanin production in human melanocytes, zebrafish, and human skin samples without causing toxicity, potentially through inhibiting PDE to increase cAMP levels and promote the melanin biosynthesis pathway.

research Effects of natural products on skin inflammation caused by abnormal hormones secreted by the adrenal gland

2 citations , May 2023 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

This review article summarizes findings that suggest natural products may help treat skin inflammation related to abnormal hormone secretion by the adrenal gland, as they can inhibit inflammation pathways and promote wound healing.

Exploring the Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Topical Periplaneta Americana Extract in Treating Androgenetic Alopecia in a Mouse Model: A Systems Pharmacology and Skin Microbiome Analysis

research Exploring the Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Topical Periplaneta americana (L.) Extract in Treating Androgenetic Alopecia in a Mouse Model: A Systems Pharmacology and Skin Microbiome Analysis

July 2025 in “Biology”

In this preclinical study, PA-011 derived from Periplaneta americana showed significant hair regrowth effects in androgenetic alopecia mouse models by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, activating hair follicle stem cell proliferation, and normalizing skin microbiota, suggesting promise as an AGA treatment.

research Nerve growth factor regulates the proliferation of cashmere goat outer root sheath cells through the activation of cAMP-binding protein

1 citations , July 2019 in “Small ruminant research”

This study suggests that the NGF/TrkA/CREB system plays a crucial role in promoting outer root sheath cell proliferation in cashmere goats, which may aid in marker-assisted breeding.

research Activation of cAMP Signaling in Response to α-Phellandrene Promotes Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Proliferation in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

6 citations , August 2022 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

This study demonstrated that α-phellandrene promotes dermal papilla cell proliferation through a cAMP-mediated pathway and upregulates VEGF expression, suggesting its potential use in hair loss prevention.

research Corticotropin releasing hormone and the skin

137 citations , January 2006 in “Frontiers in bioscience”

This review discusses the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in human skin, focusing on its regulation, receptors, and functions, and highlights parallels with the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis; it reports no new research findings.

Bisphenol-A Antagonizes the Rapidly Modulating Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on Spinogenesis and Long-Term Potentiation of Hippocampal Neurons

research Bisphenol-A antagonizes the rapidly modulating effect of DHT on spinogenesis and long-term potentiation of hippocampal neurons

10 citations , December 2017 in “Chemosphere”

In this study, BPA rapidly increased dendritic spine and synapse densities in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, with involvement of estrogen receptors and ERK1/2 and p38 pathways, but disrupted dihydrotestosterone's effects on synaptic plasticity.

research NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications

1 citations , March 2024 in “Signal transduction and targeted therapy”

In this review, researchers explored the multifaceted role of NF-κB signaling in various biological processes and diseases, including its interactions with other pathways, and discussed possible therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway for treating conditions like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and COVID-19.

Xiaozhi Yufa Decoction Ameliorates Androgenetic Alopecia Through Inhibition of MAPK Signaling and Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

research Xiaozhi Yufa decoction ameliorates androgenetic alopecia through inhibition of MAPK signaling and regulation of lipid metabolism

November 2025 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

In this study, XZYFD, a Traditional Chinese Medicine formulation, was found to improve androgenetic alopecia in a testosterone-induced mouse model by promoting hair regrowth, restoring follicular morphology, and modulating androgen metabolism, MAPK signaling, and lipid metabolism pathways, suggesting potential benefits for patients with metabolic dysfunction.

Adenosine Stimulates Growth of Dermal Papilla and Lengthens the Anagen Phase by Increasing the Cysteine Level via Fibroblast Growth Factors 2 and 7 in an Organ Culture of Mouse Vibrissae Hair Follicles

research Adenosine stimulates growth of dermal papilla and lengthens the anagen phase by increasing the cysteine level via fibroblast growth factors 2 and 7 in an organ culture of mouse vibrissae hair follicles

28 citations , October 2011 in “International Journal of Molecular Medicine”

In this study, adenosine was found to stimulate hair follicle growth in vitro by promoting growth factor expression, β-catenin activation, and downstream signaling pathways.

research Effect of Plantago asiatica L. extract on the anagen phase in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells

5 citations , March 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This study reports that Plantago asiatica L. extract may promote hair growth by enhancing growth factor production and activating specific signaling pathways in hair follicle dermal papilla cells.

research Gene Expression Profiles of Melanocytes Over-Expressing miR-5110 in Alpaca

January 2026 in “Current Issues in Molecular Biology”

This study found that transfecting alpaca melanocytes with miR-5110 altered gene expression related to pigmentation, specifically identifying pathways like MAPK and Wnt as involved in melanogenesis regulation, providing insights into miR-5110's role in pigmentation processes.

research The role of lysophosphatidic acid in the physiology and pathology of the skin

24 citations , December 2018 in “Life sciences”

This review discusses the role of lysophosphatidic acid in skin physiology and pathology, highlighting its significance in processes like wound healing and hair follicle development, but reports no new clinical findings.

research Heterogeneity of neural crest-derived melanocytes

8 citations , February 2013 in “Central European Journal of Biology”

This article discusses melanocyte development from neural crest cells and reports no new experimental results; the authors suggest a broader range of functions for melanocytes than previously recognized.

research Cooperation of TGF‐β and FGF signalling pathways in skin development

23 citations , May 2023 in “Cell Proliferation”

This review highlights the critical role of TGF-β and FGF signaling pathways in the development and regeneration of skin layers, particularly the dermis, and discusses their significance in advancing future clinical applications in dermatology.

research Coordinating the Sculptors: Ectodysplasin-A (EDA) Signaling Cross-Talk with Skeletogenic Pathways

June 2025 in “Preprints.org”

This review examines the complex role of the Ectodysplasin-A pathway in skeletal morphogenesis, emphasizing its interaction with other key signaling pathways, and reports no new experimental findings.

research The Role of LncRNAs in Radio- and Chemoresistance of Glioblastoma: Prognostic or Therapeutic?

September 2025 in “Current Oncology”

This review highlights the potential roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in malignant brain tumors, reporting that further research into their involvement in therapy resistance and cancer pathways could improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

research Plant‐Derived Monomers for Grey Hair Reversal Through Upregulation of Melanogenesis and Tyrosinase Activity

1 citations , June 2025 in “Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine”

This study explored the role of plant-derived monomers in reversing grey hair, finding that compounds like fraxinol and morin may stimulate melanin production and tyrosinase activity, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits, although further evaluation of their safety and efficacy is needed.

ERK1/2 Pathway Involvement in Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum Tricornutum Extract on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation

research ERK1/2 Pathway Is Involved in the Enhancement of Fatty Acids from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Extract (PTE) on Hair Follicle Cell Proliferation

2 citations , January 2020 in “BioMed Research International”

This study found that Phaeodactylum tricornutum extract enhanced hair follicle cell proliferation, indicated by increased keratin and ERK1/2 signaling, suggesting its potential for hair care applications.