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Glossary Immune Activation

body's defense system responding to a perceived threat

Immune activation refers to the process by which the body's immune system is triggered to respond to a perceived threat, such as an infection, injury, or foreign substance. This involves the activation of immune cells like T-cells and B-cells, which then work to identify, attack, and eliminate the threat. In the context of alopecia, immune activation can mistakenly target hair follicles, leading to hair loss.

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Identifying Key Components and Therapeutic Targets of the Immune System in Hidradenitis Suppurativa with an Emphasis on Neutrophils

research Identifying key components and therapeutic targets of the immune system in hidradenitis suppurativa with an emphasis on neutrophils

16 citations , September 2020 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

This review explores the role of neutrophil recruitment in the inflammation seen in hidradenitis suppurativa and emphasizes potential therapeutic targets within these pathways, but it reports no new clinical results.

Transcriptional Profiling in Alopecia Areata Defines Immune and Cell Cycle Control Related Genes Within Disease-Specific Signatures

research Transcriptional profiling in alopecia areata defines immune and cell cycle control related genes within disease-specific signatures

61 citations , September 2010 in “Genomics”

This study found distinct gene expression profiles in alopecia areata-affected skin, suggesting T-cell mediated immune responses and unique gene profiles between different stages of the disease.

research 1338 Epidermal growth factor receptor protects from immune privilege collapse and scarring hair follicle destruction

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study reported that in mouse models, deletion of EGFR resulted in stem cell hyper-proliferation followed by apoptosis, leading to scarring alopecia, and implicated EGFR's role in maintaining hair follicle quiescence and immune privilege during inflammation.

research Environmental Modulation of JAK3-Mediated Immune Dysregulation in Alopecia Areata

November 2025 in “Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)”

This review discusses how urban air pollutants may influence the regulation of JAK3 signaling in alopecia areata and reports no new experimental results; the authors integrate existing data to map potential pathways and biomarkers.

research Type 1 interferon signature and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation targeted against sweat ducts in inflammatory acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis

6 citations , June 2023 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This study observed that inflammatory AIGA is associated with sweat duct inflammation and sweat coil atrophy, while non-inflammatory AIGA involves only sweat coil atrophy, suggesting distinct pathological features between the two.

Inflammatory Implications In Female Pattern Hair Loss: Unraveling B Cell-Related Immune Activation Through Comparative Transcriptome Profiling

research 0037 Inflammatory implications in female pattern hair loss: unraveling B cell-related immune activation through comparative transcriptome profiling

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune system changes may contribute to female pattern hair loss.

research Decision letter: Stimulation of hair follicle stem cell proliferation through an IL-1 dependent activation of γδT-cells

July 2017

This study found that interleukin-1α and interleukin-7 secreted by keratinocytes enhance the proliferation of γδT-cells and epidermal stem cells, revealing mechanisms of stem cell activation during wound healing in mice.

research 0034 Cross-species insights into hair follicle-T cell interactions in discoid lupus erythematosus: A comparison of human, canine and mouse models using spatial transcriptomics

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Discoid lupus erythematosus involves immune activation and fibrosis around hair follicles, with shared pathways across humans, dogs, and mice, suggesting potential treatments for both humans and animals.

research Study the Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines on Hair Loss

March 2025 in “The Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology”

This study found that patients with diffuse hair loss had significantly higher serum levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α compared to healthy controls, suggesting a potential role of immune system activation in the pathogenesis of this condition.

research CAQ Corner: Basic concepts of transplant immunology

May 2022 in “Liver transplantation”

This source does not report original research findings but reviews the mechanisms and challenges of immune response and immunosuppressive management in liver transplantation.

research 0150 Single-cell and spatial transcriptome profiling reveals innate-adaptive crosstalk in alopecia areata

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Alopecia areata involves complex immune cell interactions, especially between CD8+ T cells and macrophages, which could help develop new treatments.

research The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata in Rodent Models

23 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

This review discusses rodent models of alopecia areata and suggests they are crucial for understanding the autoimmune mechanisms and potential treatments but reports no new clinical results.

CD27 and IL-35 as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Alopecia Areata: First Evidence of Association with Pathogenic Scalp Bacterial Infections

research CD27 and IL-35 as diagnostic biomarkers in alopecia areata: First evidence of association with pathogenic scalp bacterial infections

December 2025 in “Babcock University Medical Journal”

This study found that in patients with Alopecia Areata, CD27 and IL-35 levels were significantly higher in those with bacterial infections, suggesting they may be useful as immunological biomarkers.

research Topical metformin as a novel therapy for alopecia areata due to its immunologic effects

August 2023 in “Medical Hypotheses”

In this review, researchers discussed the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of metformin and hypothesized that its topical application could benefit those with alopecia areata, given its effects on immune pathways, hair regrowth, and autoimmune disease management.

research Aberrant B cell and cytotoxic T cell activation in female pattern hair loss: a pilot comparative clinico-transcriptomic study

December 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune system issues may contribute to female pattern hair loss.

research Janus microneedles enabling orderly vitiligo treatment through spatiotemporal sequential promoting melanogenesis to transfer via PAR2 activation

July 2026 in “Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences”

The researchers designed a Janus microneedle system for treating vitiligo, which targets the skin’s layers to regulate the immune response, promote melanocyte regeneration, and enhance pigment transfer, offering a new precise treatment approach for this condition.

research Systemic humoral activation facilitates tissue regeneration by D-chiral biomaterial scaffolds

August 2026 in “Cell Biomaterials”

D-chiral biomaterial scaffolds enhance tissue and hair regeneration by activating the body's immune system.

research Peripheral MC1R Activation Modulates Immune Responses and is Neuroprotective in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

9 citations , December 2023 in “Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology”

This study found that systemic administration of NDP-MSH, a melanocortin receptor agonist, provided neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, reducing neuroinflammation and suggesting a role for regulatory T cells in these neuroprotective effects.

The Immune System Response in COVID-19 Infection in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

research The Immun System Response İn Covıd-19 Infectıon İn Polycystıc Ovary Syndrome

1 citations , May 2021 in “International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Invention”

This review discusses the potential risk mechanisms for COVID-19 in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome due to hyperandrogenism and calls for further research, but reports no new findings.

research Tracing immune cells around biomaterials with spatial anchors during large-scale wound regeneration

1 citations , March 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

In this study, the researchers reported that using a biodegradable ECM scaffold for large-area wound regeneration accelerated wound coverage and improved hair follicle neogenesis by activating the adaptive immune system.

research Immune-Mediated Diseases of the Central Nervous System

4 citations , November 2016 in “Pediatric Clinics of North America”

This article discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic approach for immune-mediated central nervous system diseases but reports no new clinical findings.

research Activating an adaptive immune response from a hydrogel scaffold imparts regenerative wound healing

1 citations , May 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study found that D-peptide crosslinked MAP hydrogels accelerate skin regeneration and promote adaptive immunity, despite faster scaffold degradation in vivo.

research Modification of the immune system with hydrogen sulfide and cyclosporine A

May 2024 in “International journal of medicine and psychology.”

This study found that in laboratory rats, toxic concentrations of hydrogen sulfide affected the immune system differently depending on age and immune suppression status, with notable changes in immune cell levels and phagocytosis, suggesting significant roles in age-associated pathologies.

Enhanced Therapeutic Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Composite Gel Drug Delivery System for Alopecia Areata

research Enhanced therapeutic effects of all-trans retinoic acid nanostructured lipid carrier composite gel drug delivery system for alopecia areata

May 2025 in “Journal of Nanobiotechnology”

This study reported that an ATRA-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier gel (ATRA-NLC-Gel) improved symptoms of alopecia areata in mice by enhancing transdermal drug delivery, reducing skin irritation, and promoting hair regrowth through targeted follicle enrichment and pathway activation.

research What is behind the ‘swarm of bees’ in alopecia areata

7 citations , November 2018 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Alopecia areata is caused by immune system issues, and JAK inhibitors might help treat it.

research Biomechanical Factors in Psoriatic Disease: Defective Repair Exertion as a Potential Cause. Hypothesis Presentation and Literature Review

8 citations , August 2019 in “ACR Open Rheumatology”

This review explores the biomechanical factors and signaling systems, like Wnt, involved in the pathophysiology of psoriatic nail lesions and reports no new results.

research Plant Exosome Injections for Hair Follicle Proliferation and Immune Modulation: An Immunohistochemical Study

July 2026 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open”

This study found that intradermal injections of plant-derived exosomes in adults with early-stage alopecia increased stem cell activity, activated Wnt signaling pathways, and reduced certain immune cell populations, providing insights into their role in hair follicle regeneration and suggesting potential for hair restoration therapy.

research MẤT CÂN BẰNG GIỮA TẾ BÀO T ĐIỀU HÒA VÀ TẾ BÀO T GÂY ĐỘC TẾ BÀO TRONG RỤNG TÓC TỪNG MẢNG: KHI ĐẶC QUYỀN MIỄN DỊCH SỤP ĐỔ

March 2026 in “Tạp chí Da liễu học Việt Nam”

In this review, researchers conclude that immune imbalance between regulatory and cytotoxic T cells, along with activation of IFN-γ–MHC and IL-15–NK pathways, disrupts hair follicle immune privilege, suggesting pivotal mechanisms in alopecia areata development and potential targets for immunotherapeutic interventions.

research What’s Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses

125 citations , August 2020 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This review discusses sex-based differences in immune responses, focusing on genetic, hormonal, and microbiome factors influencing infections like COVID-19, and reports no clinical results.

research Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B deficiency due to a novel missense mutation in the coiled-coil domain

14 citations , September 2018 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

In this study, a novel homozygous mutation in the STAT5B gene was identified in a 17-year-old boy with growth hormone-refractory growth failure, severe eczema, and autoimmune disease, suggesting a similarity to known STAT5B deficiency phenotypes.