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Glossary Cyclooxygenase-2

enzyme involved in inflammation and pain production

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the inflammatory process by converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are compounds that mediate inflammation and pain. Unlike its counterpart COX-1, which is expressed constantly in most tissues, COX-2 is typically induced during inflammation and is a target for anti-inflammatory drugs like NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).

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research Abnormal differentiation of epidermis in transgenic mice constitutively expressing cyclooxygenase-2 in skin

201 citations , May 2001 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

This study found that transgenic expression of COX-2 in mouse basal keratinocytes causes epidermal hyperplasia and certain dysplastic features at specific body sites.

research Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in the skin of transgenic mice results in suppression of tumor development.

113 citations , May 2002 in “PubMed”

This study observed that COX-2 overexpression in transgenic mice led to a significant reduction in skin tumor development compared to controls, challenging the expected role of COX-2 in promoting tumors.

research Novel Clove Essential Oil Nanoemulgel Tailored by Taguchi’s Model and Scaffold-Based Nanofibers: Phytopharmaceuticals with Promising Potential as Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in External Inflammation

45 citations , March 2020 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine”

This study found that nanoemulsion-based formulations, such as nanoemulgel and NFs, might serve as promising topical delivery systems for treating inflammatory diseases, potentially offering an alternative to traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are associated with adverse effects.

research Expression of Cyclooxygenase Isozymes During Morphogenesis and Cycling of Pelage Hair Follicles in Mouse Skin: Precocious Onset of the First Catagen Phase and Alopecia upon Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression

41 citations , September 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study suggests that the COX-2 enzyme plays a role in hair follicle biology, as transgenic overexpression in mice induced hair follicle cycling disturbances and alopecia, which was mitigated by COX-2 inhibition.

research Protein Kinase C δ Overexpressing Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Chemically but not to UV Radiation–Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Possible Link to Specific Cytokines and Cyclooxygenase-2

35 citations , January 2006 in “Cancer Research”

This study found that overexpressing PKCδ in transgenic mice did not reduce squamous cell carcinoma development induced by UV radiation, despite its effectiveness against TPA-promoted cancer in these mice.

Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, Isolated from Ishige Okamurae, Increases Prostaglandin E2 through the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes

research Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, Isolated from Ishige okamurae, Increases Prostaglandin E₂through the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes

9 citations , November 2012 in “Biomolecules & therapeutics”

This study found that diphlorethohydroxycarmalol significantly increased prostaglandin $E_2$ synthesis in HaCaT human keratinocytes by upregulating COX-1 and COX-2 expression, suggesting potential benefits from elevated $PGE_2$ production.

research Expression Pattern of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Normal Rat Epidermis and Pilosebaceous Unit during Hair Cycle

9 citations , January 2008 in “Acta histochemica et cytochemica”

This study found that COX-2 expression in normal rat skin is linked to the hair cycle, with varying levels observed in different skin structures during anagen, catagen, and telogen phases.

Overexpression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in the Skin of Adult Transgenic Mice Leads to Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia and Thinning of Hair Shafts

research 919 Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the skin of adult transgenic mice leads to sebaceous gland hyperplasia and thinning of hair shafts

April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that induced COX-2 expression in adult transgenic mice led to hair follicle miniaturization and enlargement of sebaceous glands, and suggests that targeting the PGD2 pathway might reverse these effects.

research Re: Associations Between Variants in the Cyclooxygenase 2 Enzyme Gene (PTGS2) and Development of Benign Prostate Enlargement

November 2012 in “The Journal of Urology”

Certain gene variants may raise the risk of prostate enlargement, but taking NSAIDs could reduce this risk.

research 607 Cutaneous overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 models androgenetic alopecia in adult mice

April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study developed a transgenic mouse model to explore androgenetic alopecia, finding that inducible COX2 expression led to sebaceous gland changes and hair miniaturization, with reversible effects upon reducing COX2.

research Cyclooxygenases in the skin: pharmacological and toxicological implications

165 citations , September 2003 in “Toxicology and applied pharmacology”

This review discusses the pharmacology and toxicology of cyclooxygenase in skin, highlighting its role in inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis, without presenting new clinical results.

research New insights into the functions of Cox-2 in skin and esophageal malignancies

54 citations , April 2020 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

This review discusses the origins of skin and esophageal cancers and reports no clinical results; it emphasizes the role of cyclooxygenase-2 in tumorigenesis and differentiation.

research Wound Healing Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Model of Leptin-Deficient Mice—A Mechanistic Systematic Review

10 citations , August 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review discusses mechanisms of wound healing impairment in leptin-deficient murine models used for diabetic research, and reports no new clinical results; the authors emphasize the need for further study.

research Mimosine Dipeptide Enantiomsers: Improved Inhibitors against Melanogenesis and Cyclooxygenase

25 citations , August 2015 in “Molecules”

This study found that mimosine dipeptide enantiomers inhibit melanogenesis and cyclooxygenase enzymes in B16F10 melanoma cells, suggesting potential for treating skin hyperpigmentation and inflammation.

research Anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of standardized extracts of Tridax procumbens L.

61 citations , September 2010 in “Fitoterapia”

This study found that the EtOAc extract of Tridax procumbens aerial parts significantly inhibited rat paw edema and COX enzyme activity, suggesting its potential anti-inflammatory properties.

research Autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid– LPA ₃ signaling at the embryo‐epithelial boundary controls decidualization pathways

44 citations , June 2017 in “The EMBO Journal”

This study reports that the autotaxin–LPA–LPA3 signaling pathway at the embryo-epithelial boundary plays a critical role in decidualization by up-regulating HB-EGF and COX-2 in the uterine epithelium.

research Eupafolin nanoparticles protect HaCaT keratinocytes from particulate matter-induced inflammation and oxidative stress

43 citations , August 2016 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine”

This study found that a eupafolin nanoparticle delivery system improved water solubility and skin penetration, enhancing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against particulate matter-induced stress in skin cells.

research Improvement of cell proliferation and antioxidant activity of silymarin in hair follicles dermal papillae isolated from the human scalp: Comparison with vitamin C effects

8 citations , January 2020 in “International Journal of Trichology”

Silymarin improves hair follicle health better than vitamin C by boosting cell growth and reducing oxidative stress.

UV Light May Induce Hypertrichosis Through Production of Prostaglandin E2

research UV light may induce hypertrichosis through production of PGE2

7 citations , October 2006 in “Medical hypotheses”

UV light might cause excessive hair growth by increasing PGE2 in the skin.

research A new target for squamous cell skin cancer?

6 citations , October 2014 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study suggests that AKR1C3 expression may influence PGD2-related pathways in skin squamous cell carcinoma and potentially be involved in androgenetic alopecia, although further investigation is needed to clarify its role.

research Molecular mechanisms underlying cashmere quality differences between Jiangnan cashmere goats and Changthangi pashmina goats

May 2025 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science”

This study investigated the genetic factors influencing cashmere quality differences between Jiangnan cashmere goats and Changthangi pashmina goats, identifying 4,942 differentially expressed genes and highlighting 24 key genes related to hair follicle development and cashmere fiber formation.

research 878 Influence of bovine milk oligosaccharides on sebocyte lipid content and inflammatory mediators

April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

In this study, bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides were found to increase sebocyte proliferation, lipid content, and inflammatory mediator synthesis through the mTORC1 pathway, potentially contributing to milk-based inflammation in sebocytes.

research Functional Characterization of Callus Extracts of Apple 'Hirosaki' for Cosmetic Materials

August 2013 in “Han'gug saengmul gonghag hoeji/KSBB journal”

This study found that callus extracts from apple 'Hirosaki' may improve collagen synthesis, hair follicle cell proliferation, and possess significant anti-inflammatory properties.

research Metabolic pathways of eicosanoids—derivatives of arachidonic acid and their significance in skin

January 2025 in “Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters”

This review discusses how dysregulated levels of eicosanoids, which are metabolites of phospholipids, may contribute to skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, suggesting the importance of targeted eicosanoid control in diagnosis and treatment.

research Clinical Snippets

1 citations , March 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Early sunburn treatment with certain inhibitors may reduce skin cancer risk.

research Cepharanthine: A review of the antiviral potential of a Japanese-approved alopecia drug in COVID-19

4 citations , May 2020

This review examines cepharanthine's antiviral potential against COVID-19 and finds no clinical results yet; it highlights cepharanthine as a potent inhibitor of coronavirus in preclinical models.

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based In Vitro Metabolic Profiling Reveals Altered Enzyme Expressions in Eicosanoid Metabolism

research Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based In Vitro Metabolic Profiling Reveals Altered Enzyme Expressions in Eicosanoid Metabolism

April 2016 in “Annals of laboratory medicine”

The researchers reported that epitestosterone treatment reduced eicosanoid levels generated by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases in rabbit liver samples with carrageenan-induced inflammation.

research Anti-inflammatory effects on murine macrophages of ethanol extracts of Lygodium japonicum spores via inhibition of NF-κB and p38

5 citations , July 2017 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

This study observed that ethanol extracts of Lygodium japonicum spores significantly reduced inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages in vitro by negatively regulating p38 MAPK and NF-κB.

research Prostate cancer prevention

71 citations , September 2007 in “Cancer”

This review discusses various prostate cancer prevention strategies and reports no new clinical results; the authors highlight the need for ongoing research in this area.

research Aqueous extract of Asiasari radix inhibits formalin-induced hyperalgesia via NMDA receptors

17 citations , February 2009 in “Journal of Ethnopharmacology”

This study found that Asiasari radix extract may reduce hyperalgesia in mice by modulating NMDA and GABAA receptor activities without affecting cyclooxygenase activity.