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Glossary Biological Pathways

interconnected biochemical reactions within cells for specific functions

Biological pathways, also known as biochemical pathways, are series of interconnected biochemical reactions that occur within a cell or organism to carry out specific functions, such as energy production, cell signaling, or metabolism. These pathways involve enzymes and other molecules that work together to convert substrates into products, ultimately supporting the organism's growth, development, and homeostasis.

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research A guide for building biological pathways along with two case studies: hair and breast development

5 citations , October 2014 in “Methods”

This article describes how PESCADOR software assists in creating detailed biological pathway charts from PubMed abstracts, focusing on hair and breast development case studies without providing new clinical results.

research The Hair Follicle and Hair Loss: A Review of DHT, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Signalling and the Biological Pathways Behind Hair Growth

August 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

This review suggests that hair loss involves a complex interplay of androgen signaling with various regenerative and inflammatory pathways, challenging the view of dihydrotestosterone as the sole cause.

research The Hair Follicle and Hair Loss: A Review of DHT, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Signalling and the Biological Pathways Behind Hair Growth

August 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)”

This narrative literature review by LUSTRAO examines the complex biological mechanisms influencing hair growth and loss, highlighting that androgen signalling, while significant, works within a network involving regenerative, inflammatory, and vascular processes, without establishing it as the sole explanation for conditions like androgenetic alopecia.

research Study of the biological function and penetration pathways of the mouse epidermal growth factor ethosomal delivery system

12 citations , July 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study found that mEGF ethosomal delivery systems mainly penetrated mice skin through the pilosebaceous unit and successfully induced hair follicles to transition from the telogen to anagen phase.

research Large-Scale Plasma Proteomics and Genetic Integration Uncover Novel Biological Pathways in Male Pattern Baldness

February 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

In this study, researchers identified 47 proteins associated with male pattern baldness severity and prioritized five candidate genes, including druggable CD38, suggesting new non-hormonal targets for therapeutic development.

research Biological Function of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Xist

247 citations , June 2021 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

This review discusses the role of lncRNA Xist in cell growth regulation and disease development, particularly cancer, and reports no new experimental results.

research Paradoxical reactions in the era of modern biological therapy of psoriasis — a comprehensive analysis of pathomechanisms and clinical guidelines

January 2026 in “Forum Dermatologicum”

This study systematically reviewed literature on paradoxical reactions during biologic treatments for psoriasis, identifying immune dysregulation mechanisms and diverse clinical manifestations, highlighting that mild cases often respond well to topical treatments, while severe cases may require switching to different IL-23 inhibitors.

research Biologics and small molecules for patients with concomitant alopecia areata and vitiligo: A review

December 2024 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

JAK inhibitors may help treat both alopecia areata and vitiligo, but more research is needed.

research Revealing biological mechanisms of skin pigment recovery during treatment in vitiligo patients: A proteomic analysis

June 2026 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that certain proteins linked to immune suppression and melanogenesis are associated with repigmentation in vitiligo patients undergoing standard treatment, suggesting these proteins and their pathways play roles distinct from merely reversing skin lesions.

research Biological insights from self-perceived facial aging data of the UKBB participants

2 citations , September 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study utilized UK Biobank data to identify genetic factors associated with self-perceived facial aging, highlighting significant roles for skin pigmentation, immune pathways, and extracellular matrix genes.

research Comparative efficacy of oral Janus kinase inhibitors and biologics in adult alopecia areata: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis

20 citations , January 2024 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This study conducted a meta-analysis and found that among therapies for alopecia areata, baricitinib_4 mg was most likely to be effective, followed by ritlecitinib and ivarmacitinib, while other treatments like dupilumab and secukinumab were less effective.

research Cutaneous Manifestations in Biological-Treated Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Narrative Review

15 citations , March 2021 in “Journal of clinical medicine”

This review discusses common skin eruptions caused by biologics in treating inflammatory bowel disease and proposes tailored therapeutic approaches for managing these adverse reactions.

research The IL-23/IL-17 Pathway in Inflammatory Skin Diseases: From Bench to Bedside

144 citations , November 2020 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This study summarizes how the IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and highlights that biologics targeting this pathway, including monoclonal antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17, have shown efficacy in clinical trials for these conditions.

research Liposomal Packaging Generates Wnt Protein with In Vivo Biological Activity

75 citations , August 2008 in “PLOS ONE”

This study found that Wnt3a liposomes can induce hair follicle neogenesis when delivered subcutaneously, demonstrating their potential for regenerative applications.

research Differences in cell subsets between sun-exposed and unexposed skin: preliminary single-cell sequencing and biological analysis from a single case

3 citations , October 2024 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

This study investigated single-cell changes in photoaged skin, revealing distinct cell clusters and increased activity in PD-L1 and PD-1 pathways in sun-exposed areas, enhancing understanding of UVA-induced skin damage and potential prevention targets for photoaging and UV-induced skin cancers.

research Effect of Sun exposure-induced ferroptosis mechanisms on pathology and potential biological processes of primary melanoma by microarray data analysis

12 citations , September 2022 in “Frontiers in Genetics”

This study identified seven genes that may serve as biomarkers for diagnosing skin cutaneous melanoma by analyzing the relationship between UV exposure, ferroptosis, and the cancer's pathology.

research Pathobiology of the hairless phenotype: Dysregulation of hair follicle apoptosis and topobiology during the initiation of follicle cycling

9 citations , March 1998 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Improper regulation of hair follicle processes causes hairlessness.

research A machine learning and network framework to discover new indications for small molecules

8 citations , August 2020 in “PLOS Computational Biology”

This study presents a computational approach, CATNIP, which repurposes drugs using only their biological and chemical information, predicting new uses like adrenergic uptake inhibitors for Parkinson's and vandetanib for Type 2 Diabetes.

research Computational derivation of a molecular framework for hair follicle biology from disease genes

4 citations , November 2017 in “Scientific Reports”

This study compiled an archive of 684 genes associated with monogenic hair disorders, identifying previously unrecognized components of Hippo signaling and proposing a new biologically-grounded disease taxonomy.

research Genetic determinants of skin ageing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies and candidate genes

3 citations , February 2025 in “Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY”

This systematic review and meta-analysis found 30 genetic loci associated with skin ageing phenotypes, noting shared biological pathways in aspects like pigmentation and wrinkling; researchers suggest further studies targeting the same SNP across populations could clarify these associations.

research Structure and Development of the Skin and Cutaneous Appendages

1 citations , July 2016 in “Elsevier eBooks”

Understanding skin structure and development helps diagnose and treat skin disorders.

research The future of cosmeceuticals

1 citations , November 2023 in “Dermatological Reviews”

This review highlights advancements in skincare aimed at addressing the effects of aging and environmental factors, including new techniques to rejuvenate skin cells and reduce inflammation, though challenges like complex routines and costs limit widespread adoption.

research KRDQN: An Interpretable Prediction Framework for Adverse Drug Reactions via Knowledge–Graph Reinforced Deep Q-Learning

February 2026 in “Pharmaceuticals”

This study introduced the KRDQN predictive framework, which outperformed existing methods in predicting adverse drug reactions and provided interpretable insights into drug mechanisms, aiding pharmacovigilance and clinical decision-making.

research Proteins observed in scalp hair from preschool children

January 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study identified non-structural proteins in preschool children's scalp hair that suggest potential biomarkers for brain development, immune function, and stress response with heritability and age-related differences.

research No genetic support for a contribution of prostaglandins to the aetiology of androgenetic alopecia

July 2013 in “Faculty of Health; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation”

This review discusses genetic contributions to androgenetic alopecia and proposes focusing on candidate genes in genome-wide association studies, but it reports no new clinical results.

research Alopecia areata: What’s new in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic options?

56 citations , October 2016 in “Journal of dermatological science”

This review explores multidisciplinary advances in understanding alopecia areata, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, and innovative treatments, but reports no new research results.

research Emerging Therapies for Acne Vulgaris

22 citations , March 2018 in “American Journal of Clinical Dermatology”

New acne treatments show promise as alternatives to traditional therapies.

research New developments in the molecular treatment of ichthyosis: review of the literature

21 citations , July 2022 in “Orphanet journal of rare diseases”

This review discusses recent advancements in therapies for ichthyosis, highlighting promising prospects in protein replacement and gene therapy, but it reports no new clinical results.

research Metabolic syndrome and dermatological diseases: association and treatment

10 citations , May 2025 in “Nutrition & Metabolism”

This review highlights that metabolic syndrome is intricately linked with various skin conditions such as inflammatory skin diseases and tumors through mechanisms involving insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, aiming to guide clinicians on effective treatments and preventive strategies for affected patients.

research Human long-term deregulated circadian rhythm alters regenerative properties of skin and hair precursor cells

9 citations , July 2018 in “European journal of dermatology/EJD. European journal of dermatology”

This study provides evidence that long-term deregulation of the circadian rhythm in humans affects the regenerative properties of skin and hair precursor cells by altering clock pathway protein expression.