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Glossary Basal Layer

deepest epidermal layer where new skin cells form

The Basal Layer, also known as the Stratum Basale, is the deepest layer of the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. This layer is crucial because it contains basal cells that continuously divide and push older cells towards the skin's surface, where they eventually shed. It also houses melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin, giving skin its color and providing some protection against UV radiation.

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research Long-term follow-up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension

177 citations , November 2002 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

In this study, stable types of leucoderma such as segmental vitiligo and piebaldism showed 100% repigmentation after melanocyte transplantation, suggesting surgery as the preferred method for these conditions.

research Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cell Division Orientation in Epidermal Basal Layer Using Intravital Two-Photon Microscopy

31 citations , September 2016 in “PLoS ONE”

The researchers reported that in hairless mice, epidermal cell division orientations and epidermal thickness varied by body site, with dorsal and ear epidermis primarily dividing parallel to the basement membrane, unlike hind paw and tail epidermis.

research Expression of the Intermediate Filament Keratin Gene,K15,in the Basal Cell Layers of Epithelia and the Hair Follicle

46 citations , November 1998 in “Experimental Cell Research”

This study found that K15 is variably expressed in sheep and mouse hair follicles, with specific patterns suggesting a role in the early stages of keratinocyte differentiation.

research 41551 Feasibility of using an integrated RCM-OCT device to identify thin Basal Cell Carcinomas amenable to ablative therapy with a Er:YAG laser: A Prospective Observational Study

September 2023 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

research Heterotypic cell contacts and basal lamina morphology during hair follicle development in the mouse: a light, scanning, and electron microscopic study at the site of tissue interaction

13 citations , December 1983 in “Canadian journal of zoology”

This study found that mesenchymal cell processes from the dermal papilla contact epithelial hair matrix cells through gaps in the basal lamina during hair matrix cell differentiation in mouse vibrissa follicles.

research Non-surgical treatments for basal cell skin cancer

4 citations , December 2021 in “Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii”

This review reported that various nonsurgical treatments, like cryosurgery, photodynamic therapy, and topical medications, offer effective alternatives for basal cell carcinoma management, especially when surgery is unsuitable, and treatment decisions should consider tumor characteristics and patient preferences.

research Expression patterns of programmed cell death 4 protein in normal human skin and some representative skin lesions

37 citations , February 2007 in “Experimental Dermatology”

This study found that PDCD4 protein expression is reduced in various skin cancers compared to normal skin, suggesting its potential role in preventing or treating certain skin cancers.

research Bikunin, a Serine Protease Inhibitor, is Present on the Cell Boundary of Epidermis

13 citations , August 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that bikunin is expressed in human keratinocytes and may play a role in regulating keratinocyte function during mitosis or inflammation.

research A Niche Above: A Novel Modality of Stem Cell Regulation in Mammalian Skin Epidermis

March 2021 in “Cell stem cell”

This study found that actomyosin contractility in suprabasal keratinocytes influences the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal stem/progenitor cells by acting as a niche element in the skin.

research Cell cycle controls long-range calcium signaling in the regenerating epidermis

22 citations , April 2023 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

In this study, researchers found that coordinated intercellular Ca2+ signaling among basal stem cells in mice is crucial for cell cycle progression and tissue-wide communication during epidermal regeneration.

research Basal cells in the epidermis and epidermal differentiation

June 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This article reviews current research on epidermal stem cells and differentiation, presenting models of basal layer composition, but reports no new experimental findings.

DermaCult Keratinocyte Expansion Medium: A Serum- and BPE-Free Medium Supporting Long-Term Feeder-Free Expansion of Primary Human Epidermal and Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Keratinocytes

research 566 DermaCult™ Keratinocyte Expansion Medium, a Serum- and BPE-free Medium Supporting Long-term Feeder-free Expansion of Primary Human Epidermal and Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Keratinocytes

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that DermaCult™ Keratinocyte Expansion Medium allows for significantly extended growth of human epidermal keratinocytes while maintaining their differentiation potential.

research Investigating the role of notch ligands regulating epidermal stem cell differentiation

January 2025 in “eScholarship@McGill (McGill)”

In this study, loss of the Notch ligand Jag2 in mouse epidermal cells disrupted early differentiation and affected the structure and behavior of adjacent melanocytes, highlighting Jag2's role in epidermal differentiation and tissue homeostasis.

research Targeting nonmelanoma skin cancer using selective photothermolysis with 595 nm pulsed dye laser: Outcomes of 1080 cases

May 2017 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

595 nm pulsed dye laser is a cost-effective treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancer with a low recurrence rate.

research Identification of the cell lineage at the origin of basal cell carcinoma

351 citations , February 2010 in “Nature Cell Biology”

Basal cell carcinoma mostly starts from cells in the upper skin layers, not hair follicle stem cells.

research Mecanismos e aplicações clínicas das tecnologias de laser e luz na dermatologia moderna

September 2025 in “Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo”

This study reviewed the literature on laser and light technologies in dermatology, highlighting their varied clinical applications such as skin rejuvenation, acne scar treatment, and hair removal, alongside their potential for combining with AI to improve outcomes.

research Cellular and Immunological Aspects of Basel Cell Carcinoma

October 1998 in “Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)”

This article discusses the structure and function of the skin's layers, cell types, and tumor development, without reporting new clinical findings, and highlights the growing incidence of skin cancer.

research Vitiligo

63 citations , December 1988 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Vitiligo causes white skin patches and is linked to autoimmune issues.

research Use of Condensed Nanofat Combined With Fat Grafts to Treat Atrophic Scars

62 citations , October 2017 in “JAMA facial plastic surgery”

This study reported that using condensed nanofat combined with fat grafts significantly improved the aesthetic and functional aspects of atrophic facial scars in 20 patients, as assessed by both patients and plastic surgeons using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale.

research Human Hair Follicle Stem/Progenitor Cells Express Hypoxia Markers

33 citations , March 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Human hair follicle stem cells show signs of low oxygen levels, which may be important for hair growth and preventing baldness.

research Development, Structure, and Keratin Expression in C57BL/6J Mouse Eccrine Glands

29 citations , November 2011 in “Veterinary pathology”

This study reports that eccrine sweat glands in mice predominantly develop on the footpads, offering a reference for skin research involving genetically engineered mice.

research Lichen planopilaris [cicatricial (scarring) alopecia] in a child

18 citations , July 2001 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

This case report documents a successful response to griseofulvin and prednisolone treatment in a 12-year-old boy with lichen planopilaris, characterized by patchy hair loss and distinct skin changes.

A Mouse Model for Conditional Expression of Activated Beta-Catenin in Epidermal Keratinocytes

research A Mouse Model for Conditional Expression of Activated β-Catenin in Epidermal Keratinocytes

1 citations , August 2024 in “Transgenic Research”

In this study, the researchers observed that inducing and then withdrawing β-catenin expression in a bigenic mouse model caused reversible changes in skin morphology, indicating dependence on β-catenin signaling.

research Complications and Limitations of Melanocyte Transplantation

March 2018

This study discusses the safety, complications, and limitations of melanocyte transplantation for treating vitiligo, noting that these techniques are generally safe and often combined with medical treatments for repigmenting stable vitiligo macules.

research Eyebrow reconstruction with free skin and hair-bearing composite graft

10 citations , December 1999 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

This case report describes how a combined nude and hair-bearing full-thickness skin graft was used after micrographic surgery to achieve a cosmetically satisfactory reconstruction of a large eyebrow defect.

British Association of Dermatology Meeting 1966: Dermatological Research and Case Studies

research BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF DERMATOLOGY.

November 1966 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This conference proceeding abstract provides no new research results, focusing only on event details from the British Association of Dermatology's Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting held in Oxford in 1966.

research Abstracts

7 citations , March 2023 in “Lasers in Surgery and Medicine”

This study found that a single ablative fractional laser treatment significantly reduced hedgehog pathway gene expression in microscopic murine basal cell carcinomas, nearly matching the effects of repeated topical vismodegib applications.

research Integrin signalling regulates YAP/TAZ to control skin homeostasis

266 citations , January 2016 in “Development”

In this study, researchers found that YAP and TAZ, when localized in the nucleus of basal layer cells, are crucial for skin regeneration and hair growth, with their loss leading to slower cell proliferation, hair loss, and impaired wound healing in mice.

research Histologic Changes in the Skin of Hairless Mice Following Peeling With Salicylic Acid

74 citations , November 2000 in “Archives of Dermatology”

In this study, application of salicylic acid solution on mouse skin showed histologic changes without causing wounds or inflammation, observed immediately and up to 48 hours after treatment.

research Application of multiphoton microscopy in dermatological studies: A mini-review

58 citations , November 2013 in “Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences”

This review discusses the development and application of multiphoton microscopy in dermatology, highlighting its advantages and potential future research directions without reporting new clinical results.