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Glossary Keratin

protein forming hair, nails, and skin's outer layer

Keratin is a type of protein that forms the structural foundation of hair, nails, and the outer layer of skin. It provides strength and protection, making these tissues resilient and less prone to damage. In hair, keratins are essential for maintaining its integrity and elasticity, and they play a crucial role in the hair's overall health and appearance.

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research The human keratins: biology and pathology

1398 citations , May 2008 in “Histochemistry and Cell Biology”

This review summarizes the cell type distribution and functional significance of human keratins, emphasizing their roles in tumor diagnosis and potential clinical applications, and reports no new clinical findings.

research Keratins in health and cancer: more than mere epithelial cell markers

438 citations , October 2010 in “Oncogene”

This review discusses the role of keratins in epithelial cell stress protection and cancer, highlighting their potential as multifunctional regulators and diagnostic markers, without presenting new research findings.

Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and basic hair/nail ("hard") keratins: their colocalization in upper cortical and cuticle cells of the human hair follicle and their relationship to "soft" keratins.

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study found that specific human hair keratins are differentially expressed in the hair follicle, suggesting a shared pathway of epithelial differentiation between hair cortex and nail plate cells.

research Different keratin polypeptides in epidermis and other epithelia of human skin: a specific cytokeratin of molecular weight 46,000 in epithelia of the pilosebaceous tract and basal cell epitheliomas.

277 citations , October 1982 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

This study found that the cytokeratin patterns in skin epithelia can distinguish between different types, with basal-cell epitheliomas showing a striking similarity to the pilosebaceous tract.

research Keratins of the Human Hair Follicle

276 citations , January 2005 in “International review of cytology”

More research is needed to understand how hair keratins work and their role in hair disorders.

research The Catalog of Human Hair Keratins

235 citations , July 1999 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study establishes a catalog of human type I hair keratins and identifies their specific roles and expression patterns during hair differentiation and growth in scalp follicles.

research Human Hair Keratin‐Associated Proteins (KAPs)

226 citations , January 2006 in “International review of cytology”

Keratin-associated proteins are crucial for hair strength and structure.

research The cell-surface marker MTS24 identifies a novel population of follicular keratinocytes with characteristics of progenitor cells

207 citations , July 2006 in “Development”

This study identified a novel MTS24-positive murine keratinocyte population with increased colony-forming ability, suggesting these cells may serve as a new reservoir of proliferative progenitor or stem cells in hair follicles.

research Keratin 15 Expression in Stratified Epithelia: Downregulation in Activated Keratinocytes

198 citations , March 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that keratin 15 expression is downregulated in hyperproliferative conditions like psoriasis and hypertrophic scars, suggesting it is not compatible with keratinocyte activation.

research Dihydrotestosterone-Inducible Dickkopf 1 from Balding Dermal Papilla Cells Causes Apoptosis in Follicular Keratinocytes

171 citations , July 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The researchers reported that DHT-inducible DKK-1 may play a significant role in DHT-driven balding by inhibiting hair follicle cell growth and promoting apoptosis in androgenetic alopecia.

research Delayed Wound Healing in Keratin 6a Knockout Mice

149 citations , July 2000 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

This study found that MK6a-deficient mice showed delayed reepithelialization after superficial wounding but not after full-thickness skin wounds, suggesting MK6a plays a role in activating follicular keratinocytes post-wounding.

research Human keratin hydrogels support fibroblast attachment and proliferation in vitro

143 citations , January 2012 in “Cell and Tissue Research”

research Keratins of the human hair follicle: “Hyperproliferative” keratins consistently expressed in outer root sheath cells in vivo and in vitro

135 citations , November 1987 in “Differentiation”

This study found that cultured outer root sheath cells from human hair follicles expressed a keratin profile similar to their in vivo environment, indicating environmental influence on keratin expression.

research Probing Keratinocyte and Differentiation Specificity of the Human K5 Promoter in Vitro and in Transgenic Mice

133 citations , June 1993 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

This study found that a truncated region of the K5 promoter directs expression in stratified epithelia, particularly in epidermis, hair follicles, and tongue, potentially involving specific keratinocyte nuclear proteins in regulation.

research HOXC13 Is Involved in the Regulation of Human Hair Keratin Gene Expression

132 citations , February 2002 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study demonstrated that HOXC13 directly influences hair keratin gene expression by binding to specific DNA motifs, suggesting its role in early hair follicle differentiation.

research Expression of hair-related keratins in a soft epithelium: Subpopulations of human and mouse dorsal tongue keratinocytes express keratin markers for hair-, skin- and esophageal-types of differentiation

128 citations , March 1989 in “Experimental Cell Research”

Hoxc13 is important for hair and tongue development by controlling hair keratin genes.

research Keratin expression in basal cell carcinomas

128 citations , February 1992 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

The researchers reported that basal cell carcinoma tumor cells strongly express keratins typical of basal keratinocytes and some hair follicle components but lack differentiation markers, suggesting a follicular or pluripotent stem cell origin.

research Chapter 2 The Human Keratin Genes and Their Differential Expression

126 citations , January 1987 in “Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology”

Different keratin proteins are expressed in various epithelial cells at different stages, affecting cell structure and function.

research Keratin expression in the normal nail unit: markers of regional differentiation

119 citations , January 2000 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that keratin expression patterns vary within nail unit structures, with the nail matrix uniquely expressing the acidic hair-type keratin Ha1.

research Human hair keratin and its-based biomaterials for biomedical applications

115 citations , August 2014 in “Jo'jig gonghag gwa jaesaeng uihag/Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine”

Human hair keratin can be used in many medical applications.

research Overexpression of Hoxc13 in differentiating keratinocytes results in downregulation of a novel hair keratin gene cluster and alopecia

114 citations , May 2001 in “Development”

This study found that overexpressing the Hoxc13 gene in mice causes hair loss and a skin condition similar to ichthyosis, identifying several gene targets that may regulate hair growth.

research Expression of hair keratins in the adult nail unit: an immunohistochemical analysis of the onychogenesis in the proximal nail fold, matrix and nail bed

110 citations , August 2004 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, researchers identified the ventral matrix as the primary source of nail plate formation, while the dorsal portion is generated by the apical matrix.

research Tunable Keratin Hydrogels for Controlled Erosion and Growth Factor Delivery

106 citations , December 2015 in “Biomacromolecules”

This study describes a method to create keratin hydrogels with adjustable erosion rates by mixing different ratios of keratose and kerateine, enabling controlled release of therapeutic agents like insulin-like growth factor 1.

research Differentiation of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into a Multipotent Keratinocyte Lineage

101 citations , December 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study reports the successful differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells into keratinocytes that can regenerate skin and its structures in an in vivo environment.

research A new mutation in the type II hair cortex keratin hHb1 involved in the inherited hair disorder monilethrix

100 citations , November 1997 in “Human Genetics”

In this study, researchers found that the prevalent Glu 410 Lys mutation in hHb6 and a new Glu 403 Lys mutation in hHb1 are linked to monilethrix, suggesting a mutational hotspot in type II hair keratins.

The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an Alpha-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis

research The Chicken Frizzle Feather Is Due to an α-Keratin (KRT75) Mutation That Causes a Defective Rachis

99 citations , July 2012 in “PLoS Genetics”

This study identified a 69 bp deletion in the KRT75 gene as the cause of the frizzle feather trait in chickens, affecting feather curling.

Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-Associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

research Characterization of a Cluster of Human High/Ultrahigh Sulfur Keratin-associated Protein Genes Embedded in the Type I Keratin Gene Domain on Chromosome 17q12-21

98 citations , June 2001 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study identified a cluster of genes on chromosome 17 related to hair keratin-associated proteins, including 37 genes forming seven multigene families, localized in the hair shaft's upper cortex.