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GlossaryBreast Tenderness (Mastodynia)

discomfort or pain in breast tissue, often due to hormonal changes

Breast tenderness, also known as mastalgia, refers to discomfort, pain, or sensitivity in the breast tissue. It can be caused by hormonal changes, such as those occurring during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, as well as by factors like certain medications, breast cysts, or physical trauma.

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research Efficacy of Oral Spironolactone in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Female Patients: A Case Series of 11 Patients

January 2025

Spironolactone is generally safe and effective for treating hair loss in women, but may be less effective in severe cases.

research Case Report: Cardiology; A Case of Gynecomastia After Doxazosin Administration

January 2016 in “The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine”

Doxazosin may cause breast enlargement and pain in men.

research Side Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy: Monitoring and Minimizing Toxicity

228 citations , February 2003 in “Urology”

Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer can cause sexual, physical, and psychological side effects, and doctors should manage these carefully.

research Effects of Minoxidil 2% vs. Cyproterone Acetate Treatment on Female Androgenetic Alopecia: A Controlled, 12-Month Randomized Trial

149 citations , June 2002 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Minoxidil works better for female hair loss, but cyproterone reduces scalp oiliness and causes menstrual issues.

research Female Pattern Hair Loss

86 citations , July 2002 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

FPHL is a common, age-related, genetic hair loss with unclear causes and limited treatment options.

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