5 citations
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January 1994 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Minoxidil absorption in skin is slowed by cleansing, depends on how long it stays on the skin, and is not much affected by reapplication.
82 citations
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May 2009 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” Caffeine penetrates human skin in lab tests similarly to real-life conditions, but actual skin use is still essential for accurate results.
8 citations
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June 2019 in “Pharmaceutical research” Applying heat with certain chemicals can greatly improve how well isotretinoin gets into the skin through hair follicles.
3 citations
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January 2004 in “Zhōnghuá yàoxué zázhì” Ethosomes improve skin absorption of finasteride more than other methods.
2 citations
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November 1987 in “Archives of Dermatology” Lotions release minoxidil better than creams, with a recommended mix of propylene glycol, water, and ethanol improving effectiveness.