5 citations
,
January 1994 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” This study found that minoxidil forms a reservoir in the skin, allowing sustained drug delivery even after cleansing, while propylene glycol does not.
12 citations
,
March 2012 in “ATLA. Alternatives to laboratory animals” This study found that caffeine and flufenamic acid penetrated porcine skin more effectively through hair follicles, while the importance of the follicular pathway varied for other substances tested.
15 citations
,
April 2021 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” This study found that smaller mesoporous silica particles (400-600 nm) accumulated in skin furrows, suggesting their potential as carriers for enhancing the delivery of topical medications like metronidazole.
8 citations
,
June 2019 in “Pharmaceutical research” This study found that using short durations of heat with chemical penetration enhancers improved isotretinoin delivery to human skin, especially via the hair follicles.
82 citations
,
May 2009 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” The study reported that combining the Follicular Closing Technique with the Franz diffusion cell is a valuable method for investigating follicular caffeine penetration in vitro, though kinetics differ from in vivo results.