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January 2015 in “Journal of Pigmentary Disorders” Treating melasma in men is difficult, especially for the deeper skin layers, and may need more than just topical treatments.
May 2021 in “International journal of developmental research” Estrogens and progesterone are key in regulating melasma pigmentation.
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August 2024 in “Cosmetics” Melasma treatment is difficult, but combination therapies and personalized plans show promise.
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July 2022 in “Dermatology and Therapy” Melasma's causes include genetics, sun exposure, hormones, and oxidative stress, and understanding these can help create better treatments.
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April 2005 in “Dermatologic Clinics” Treatments for melanin disorders exist, but more effective options needed.