March 2025   in “Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism”    Elevated testosterone, DHEA-S, and FAI help identify PCOS risk in menstrual irregularities.  
     
           14 citations
,
  February 2016   in “Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research”    Blood tests are needed to confirm high male hormone levels in women with PCOS, as physical signs alone are not reliable.  
     
           7 citations
,
  September 2014   in “Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research”    Ultrasound measurement of the ovarian stroma to total area ratio is not a reliable single predictor of high male hormone levels in Thai women with PCOS, but works better when combined with clinical signs.  
     
           15 citations
,
  October 2011   in “Gynecological Endocrinology”    Obesity changes androgen levels in women with PCOS, leading to higher testosterone relative to androstenedione.  
     
           2 citations
,
  September 2008   in “Fertility and Sterility”    Clinical signs of excess male hormones and actual hormone levels in the blood do not always match in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.