32 citations
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September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” This article states that hormone therapy with estrogens and antiandrogens for transgender females is within an obstetrician-gynecologist's practice scope and involves careful dosing and monitoring to manage short-term thrombotic risks.
4 citations
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January 2022 in “Journal of Menopausal Medicine” This review discusses gender-affirming hormone therapies in South Korea, detailing the available treatment regimens and associated side effects, but reports no new clinical findings.
9 citations
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July 2024 in “Internal Medicine Journal” This narrative review discusses the initiation and monitoring of gender-affirming hormone therapy in Australia, noting standard testosterone use for trans men and estradiol with anti-androgens for trans women, emphasizing the importance of monitoring cardiovascular and bone health.
31 citations
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September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” This review found limited evidence on the effectiveness of different antiandrogens for feminization in transgender women, suggesting cyproterone acetate, leuprolide, and medroxyprogesterone acetate may better suppress testosterone than spironolactone or estradiol alone.
August 2026 in “European Journal of Endocrinology” This study found that individualized GAHT regimens, including microdosing, effectively improved gender congruence and quality of life for non-binary individuals, but some experienced a decrease in bone mineral density.