Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in North America

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in reproductive-age females in North America, costing approximately $4 billion annually. Dermatologic issues like hirsutism and hair loss affect 70% and 38.5% of patients, respectively. Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in 43% of cases, with low high-density lipoprotein and high body mass index being common features. Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus are seen in 31% and 7.5% of patients, respectively. PCOS increases the risk of gynecologic cancers, reduced fertility, early pregnancy loss, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mental health issues such as sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are also prevalent. Diagnosis often involves testing for thyroid-stimulating hormone and serum prolactin, while treatment typically includes combined oral contraception pills and metformin. Lifestyle modifications are also recommended.