Current Development of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are a promising tool in regenerative medicine due to their ability to promote tissue repair and immune modulation without the risks associated with traditional stem cell therapies. They have shown clinical efficacy in conditions such as wound healing and immune disorders, and are being explored in trials for chronic diseases like diabetes and COVID-19. However, challenges in large-scale production, quality control, and understanding their mechanisms of action remain. Advances in bioreactor technology, isolation methods, and smart biomaterial scaffolds are needed to enhance their clinical application and efficacy.