Rational Design and Functionalization of Melt Electrowritten 4D Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

This review explores the use of melt electrowriting (MEW) for creating 4D scaffolds that can change shape in response to external stimuli, making them suitable for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, implants, and drug delivery. It discusses the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material choices, actuation methods, and design strategies, as well as the use of stimuli-responsive materials. The review highlights recent advancements and addresses challenges in material innovation, fabrication optimization, and actuation control, aiming to guide the development of multifunctional biomimetic scaffolds.