Cutaneous Adverse Events of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Endocrine Tumors: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and Management Strategies
December 2025
in “
Biomedicines
”
tyrosine kinase inhibitors lenvatinib vandetanib cabozantinib cutaneous adverse events hand-foot skin reaction xerosis alopecia acneiform eruptions VEGF EGFR keratinocyte dysfunction vascular fragility emollients keratolytics sun protection skin dryness hair loss skin rash vascular endothelial growth factor epidermal growth factor receptor moisturizers exfoliants sunscreen
TLDR Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for endocrine tumors often cause skin issues, requiring early management and treatment adjustments.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used in treating endocrine tumors often cause cutaneous adverse events (CAEs) such as hand-foot skin reactions, xerosis, alopecia, and nail disorders, impacting patient adherence and quality of life. These effects are linked to the inhibition of VEGF/EGFR signaling, leading to keratinocyte dysfunction. Over 90% of patients experience at least one CAE, with dose reductions necessary for about 30% of patients. Management strategies include early risk stratification, patient education, preventive measures like emollients, and treatment algorithms involving topical and systemic therapies. Severe reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome and DRESS require immediate intervention. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for managing these toxicities and optimizing patient outcomes.
