Breast Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology

The document reviewed the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the breast, highlighting key stages of mammary gland development and associated congenital anomalies. It discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the embryonic mammary gland, the prevalence and treatment of conditions like inverted nipples, and the occurrence of supernumerary nipples and their clinical significance. The literature also covered the surgical reconstruction of congenital and traumatic breast defects, the natural history of premature thelarche, and the proliferation of normal breast epithelial cells. The references provided a comprehensive overview of the anatomical and developmental aspects of the breast, with insights into various breast disorders and their management.