Biomembrane-Based Nanostructure and Microstructure Loaded Hydrogels for Promoting Chronic Wound Healing

The document reviews the potential of biomembrane-based nanostructure- and microstructure-loaded hydrogels in enhancing chronic wound healing, particularly in diabetic wounds. These hydrogels combine the biocompatibility and moisture retention of hydrogels with the bioactivity of nanostructures like liposomes, nanoparticles, and exosomes, improving drug delivery and wound healing outcomes. They offer advantages such as enhanced drug solubility, stability, and sustained release, promoting macrophage polarization and protecting drugs from degradation. Additionally, algae-loaded hydrogels can produce oxygen, improving hypoxic conditions and promoting healing. Despite promising results, challenges like potential toxicity and high costs remain, necessitating further research to optimize these systems for clinical use.