The Resistance Mechanisms of Bacteria Against Ciprofloxacin and New Approaches for Enhancing the Efficacy of This Antibiotic

The document reviewed the increasing resistance of bacteria to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, due to mechanisms like genetic mutations and efflux pump overexpression across various species. It highlighted the need for new strategies to enhance ciprofloxacin's efficacy, such as combining it with other antibiotics, using nanoparticles, and exploring ciprofloxacin-nitroxide hybrids to reduce biofilm formation. The review emphasized the importance of understanding resistance mechanisms to develop effective treatments against multidrug-resistant bacteria and encouraged further research into combination therapies and new ciprofloxacin derivatives to combat resistance.